增强现实技术在虚拟矿山场馆建设中的应用研究

受地形、气候等因素影响,游客常常难以深入到矿山公园中进行游览参观。本文研究一种基于增强现实技术的虚拟矿山公园场馆旅游建设方案,使用高精度三维激光仪器,对矿区典型景区进行三维建模,据此生成3D微缩景观模型,并在该缩微景观模型的基础上开发出增强现实导览系统。游客使用手机扫描模型标签时,自动激活增强现实解说系统,可增强游览时的体验性、交互性和趣味性。该技术在景区模拟讲解、博物馆游览、旅游会展、旅游景区营销、休闲房产营销、高尔夫会所营销、旅游规划等方面也有着巨大的应用前景。     

Solute movement through intact columns of cryoturbated Upper Chalk

Cryoturbated Upper Chalk is a dichotomous porous medium wherein the intra‐fragment porosity provides water storage and the inter‐fragment porosity provides potential pathways for relatively rapid flow near saturation. Chloride tracer movement through 43 cm long and 45 cm diameter undisturbed chalk columns was studied at water application rates of 0·3, 1·0, and 1·5 cm h^?1. Microscale heterogeneity in effluent was recorded using a grid collection system consisting of 98 funnel‐shaped cells each 3·5 cm in diameter. The total porosity of the columns was 0·47 ± 0·02 m³ m^?3, approximately 13% of pores were ≥ 15 µm diameter, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity was 12·66 ± 1·31 m day^?1. Although the column remained unsaturated during the leaching even at all application rates, proportionate flow through macropores increased as the application rate decreased. The number of dry cells (with 0 ml of effluent) increased as application rate decreased. Half of the leachate was collected from 15, 19 and 22 cells at 0·3, 1·0, 1·5 cm h^?1 application rates respectively. Similar breakthrough curves (BTCs) were obtained at all three application rates when plotted as a function of cumulative drainage, but they were distinctly different when plotted as a function of time. The BTCs indicate that the columns have similar drainage requirement irrespective of application rates, as the rise to the maxima (C/C_o) is almost similar. However, the time required to achieve that leaching requirement varies with application rates, and residence time was less in the case of a higher application rate. A two‐region convection–dispersion model was used to describe the BTCs and fitted well (r² = 0·97–0·99). There was a linear relationship between dispersion coefficient and pore water velocity (correlation coefficient r = 0·95). The results demonstrate the microscale heterogeneity of hydrodynamic properties in the Upper Chalk. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽河断陷源内油气资源潜力分析

辽河油田经过50余年以寻找圈闭为主的源外油气勘探开发,取得了丰富的成果。1986年突破年产原油10.0 Mt大关,成为中国第三大油田。进入21世纪以来,油田产量逐年下降,稳产难度越来越大。为了确保油田持续稳定发展,积极拓展勘探视野,寻找新的后备勘探领域,提出了油田发展的巨大潜在资源——源内油气资源的勘探新思路。可望带来新一轮油气储量和产量增长高峰。源内油气资源是相对于源外油气资源的概念而提出的。源内油气资源就是滞留在烃源岩中尚未排出或难于排出的油气资源。在长期的源外石油勘探工作中,摸索、总结了一套具有指导意义的石油地质理论和较成熟的勘探、开发技术系列,有效地勘探开发了地下的油气资源。源内石油勘探,是对油田发展和国家能源战略安全的前瞻性思考。但这是一个难度较大、常人难以理解的新领域和新观念!特别是面对目前世界原油价格不断下滑的困难局面,更增加了工作的难度。如能突破对这种新观念的种种束缚和来自方方面面的阻力,积极组织研究源内油气资源的富集和分布规律,开展相应的勘探开发技术攻关,将会带来新一轮油气资源量和储量增长高峰。对油田发展和国家能源战略安全具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。     

A Rapid Method for Determining Boron Concentration (ID‐ICP‐MS) and δ11B (MC‐ICP‐MS) in Vegetation Samples after Microwave Digestion and Cation Exchange Chemical Purification

We present in this article a rapid method for B extraction, purification and accurate B concentration and δ¹¹B measurements by ID‐ICP‐MS and MC‐ICP‐MS, respectively, in different vegetation samples (bark, wood and tree leaves). We developed a rapid three‐step procedure including (1) microwave digestion, (2) cation exchange chromatography and (3) microsublimation. The entire procedure can be performed in a single working day and has shown to allow full B recovery yield and a measurement repeatability as low as 0.36‰ (± 2s) for isotope ratios. Uncertainties mostly originate from the cation exchange step but are independent of the nature of the vegetation sample. For δ¹¹B determination by MC‐ICP‐MS, the effect of chemical impurities in the loading sample solution has shown to be critical if the dissolved load exceeds 5 μg g^?1 of total salts or 25 μg g^?1 of DOC. Our results also demonstrate that the acid concentration in the sample loading solution can also induce critical isotopic bias by MC‐ICP‐MS if chemistry of the rinsing‐, bracketing calibrator‐ and sample solutions is not thoroughly adjusted. We applied this method to provide a series of δ¹¹B values of vegetal reference materials (NIST SRM 1570a = 25.74 ± 0.21‰; NIST 1547 = 40.12 ± 0.21‰; B2273 = 4.56 ± 0.15‰; BCR 060 = ?8.72 ± 0.16‰; NCS DC73349 = 16.43 ± 0.12‰).     

Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & Gas Exploration and Development and Theoretical Technologies

The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil gas resources.Unconventional oil gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration development,with tight oil becoming a 'bright spot' domain and shale gas becoming a 'hotspot' domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated(223-263)×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and(890-1260)×l0~(12)m~3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as 'sweet spot zone' integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling completion and "factory-like" operation pattern, "man-made reservoir" development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects:①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure.     

两次降水过程的微降雨雷达探测精度分析

垂直指向微降雨雷达(MRR)能够测量从近地面至高空的雷达反射率因子和雨滴谱分布特征,对认识降水微物理结构,改进雷达定量降水估计精度有重要作用。为评估MRR探测的雨滴谱分布、降水和雷达回波精度,利用南京地区夏季观测的两次降水过程,将MRR与业务S波段天气雷达、二维视频雨滴谱仪、常规雨量筒观测进行层状云降水和对流性降水下的定量对比分析。结果表明,MRR垂直探测的雷达反射率因子与S波段雷达观测在中低层(＜4 km)平均差异＜1 dB, 但高层(＞4 km)出现显著低估,且该现象随降水强度增强更明显,这主要是雷达回波衰减导致。MRR在回波强度＜35 dBz时对降水率的探测精度较高,但在＞35 dBz时低估降水。其中,层状云降水的降水率比对流性降水更接近雨量筒观测。常规雨量筒对0.1 mm以下的降水无探测能力,而MRR探测敏感度较高,对于微弱降水率的估计效果也很好。由于MRR最大探测范围的限制,相对于2DVD而言,MRR探测的最大粒子直径低估、最小粒子浓度高估,但在中间段的探测效果和2DVD雨滴谱观测一致性较高。总体而言,MRR是一个有效的降水探测仪器,其探测结果在层状云降水过程中优于对流性降水过程。     

陆相咸化湖盆页岩油甜点孔隙特征与成因——以准噶尔盆地芦草沟组为例

陆相咸化湖盆页岩油甜点孔隙特征与形成机制复杂,是陆相页岩油研究的关键科学问题。本文以准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组为例,综合应用岩石薄片观测、X射线衍射、高压压汞、氮气吸附、扫描电镜、电子探针、碳-氧同位素分析和成岩反演等方法,对此进行了研究。结果表明,以芦草沟组为例的陆相咸化湖盆页岩油甜点段矿物组成以长英质碎屑矿物和碳酸盐类矿物为主,黏土矿物含量较低,成分成熟度低,属于湖相混积岩。甜点孔隙以微—纳米孔为主,类型丰富,半径大于1μm的孔隙主要为粒间溶蚀扩大孔与粒内溶孔,100 nm～1μm主要为晶间孔,小于100 nm主要为黏土级碎屑颗粒粒间孔。沉积微相是控制甜点孔隙发育的关键,特别是滩坝相和三角洲前缘亚相原生孔隙发育,且抗压实能力强,粒间孔保存较好;溶蚀作用是次生孔隙形成的主要原因,进一步改善了储层物性;含铁白云石胶结总体上降低了孔隙度,但也在一定程度上增强了储层刚性,有利于部分孔隙保存。陆相咸化湖盆页岩油甜点孔隙演化呈现快速压实减孔、酸性溶蚀增孔和含铁白云石胶结减孔“三段式”特征,相互之间的匹配关系是控制孔隙发育的关键。     

非开挖管线精细探测方法分析

地下管线精细探测为在常规地下管线探测的基础上,针对工程建设中的重点区域、重点管线、疑难管线、特殊管线采用专门的仪器和方法,通过高质量、高密度或高精度的探测,为设计、施工提供更准确更详细的地下管线现状成果。其中非开挖管线的精细探测是重中之重且一直是业内难题。文中通过应用实例,验证了里奇SR-20结合微型示踪探头以及结合惯性陀螺仪定位技术在非开挖管线精细探测中的精确性和可靠性,根据场地条件和管线深度在这两种方法中进行选择,实现对非开挖管线的精细探测。