岩石物理的理论模拟和数值实验新方法

当代物理实验科学和计算机科学技术的巨大进步为岩石物理的理论和实验研究开辟了新的领域.在细胞自动机基础上发展起来的格子气自动机和格子玻尔滋曼方法就是这种技术进步的产物.本文讨论了格子气自动机的发展及其应用于研究多孔岩石微观孔隙结构对宏观导电特性影响的新方法. 我们开发的模拟多孔岩石导电特性的数值实验新方法，提供了一种可深入到从微观孔隙结构这个尺度上来考察具有复杂孔隙结构的，孔隙度小于10%的低孔、低渗岩石的宏观导电特性及其影响因素.研究表明:Archie 系数m,n并不是传统上的意义，研究各种不同条件下F-、I-Sw关系，结果显示非阿尔奇现象与孔隙介质中孔隙、骨架和流体的混合导电网络有关，得出新的饱和度计算公式.同时还研究了泥质含量和分布、电阻率各向异性对宏观导电特性的影响，提出适用于电阻率各向异性地层的F-、I-Sw的关系.本文最后探讨了应用格子气自动机和格子玻尔滋曼方法进行岩心渗流和核磁共振数值实验的新方法及其发展前景.     

MicroStation在摄影测量数字化生产中的应用

介绍了在APS解析测图仪上使用MicroStation进行大比例尺测图时，对工作单位，种子文件，层等基础信息进行设置需要注意的一些问题，以及在应用过程中根据需要扩展地图符号库的方法。     

倾斜扰动与短临地震预报

依据丽江、云龙、云县、保山、通海等台水平摆倾斜仪原始记录图资料，发现震前均存在倾斜扰动。从震源机制，岩石力学角度出发，认为倾斜扰动其本质就是微破裂、粘滑现象，是大震前有效的前兆，这些震兆信息被不同于地震仪固有频率特性的水平摆倾斜仪记录到。把这些特征同震源区岩体紧密联系起来，探讨震前孕震体变化过程与机理和短临地震预报的有效途径。     

Estimation de la porosité dans un matériau argileuxPorosity assessments in a clay material

Porosity measurements on a clay material, carried out through various microscopic techniques, show a significant difference with the total porosity macroscopically estimated. Analyses have allowed to assign this difference, whose importance is linked to the hydromechanical stresses sustained by the material, to microporous spaces lower than 2 nm and to closed pore volumes, not accessible by the used techniques. Besides, the role of the drying methods of samples, which do not allow the removal of a part of the water, is highlighted. Its elimination would lead to irreversible microtextural modifications, prejudicial to the understanding of the macroscopic behaviour of the material. To cite this article: X. Guillot et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 105–109.     

Graphite deformation in marble and mylonitic marble, Grenville Province, Canadian Shield

In the southern Grenville Province of the Canadian Shield (Otter Lake area), high-grade marble, gneiss and amphibolite have been folded about north- to north-east-trending axes; mylonite zones, parallel to layering and 0.1–10  cm wide, are locally present in marble.
In nonmylonitic marble, graphite occurs as c . 1–mm hexagonal prisms, which are commonly accompanied by a relatively few crystals that have been deformed, resulting in cleavage separation and the formation of folds and kink bands. Fracture-filled calcite contains less Mg and Fe than surrounding calcite (e.g. <0.30 compared with 1.8–2.7  wt% MgO, and 0.02–0.12 compared with 0.13–0.18  wt% FeO); the composition of fracture-filled dolomite is similar to that of the surrounding dolomite. In semimylonite, graphite forms elongate streaks of fragmented crystals and, in mylonite, further fragmentation has occurred to produce extremely small particles. The fragmentation has not destroyed the atomic structure (hexagonal modification) of graphite.
The behaviour of biotite was similar to that of graphite, but extreme fragmentation did not occur. Dolomite was more rigid than calcite, and in mylonite it occurs more commonly as relics. Amphibole and pyroxene crystals remained undeformed but are locally replaced by calcite.
The numerous microprocesses that have evidently occurred in marble and mylonitic marble of the study area are: coarsening (calcite, graphite), twinning (calcite, dolomite), slip (calcite, dolomite, graphite, biotite), strain-induced recrystallization (calcite), microfolding and kink-band formation (graphite, biotite), fragmentation (graphite) and the pressure-induced transport of calcite and dolomite to voids in graphite and biotite.     

利用微脉冲激光雷达探测大气混合层高度和气溶胶垂直结构的初步研究

采用2008年5月14日—12月28日安徽寿县地区(116°46’55.02″E,32°33’30.18″N)MPL(micro pulse lidar,微脉冲激光雷达)资料,分析了当地混合层高度(mixed layer height,MLH)的日变化特征。利用梯度法、拐点法及归一化梯度法反演了当地混合层高度,并将3种方法的反演结果与SONDE探空确定的MLH做相关性分析,结果表明:由梯度法反演得到的MLH与探空资料确定的MLH高度相关(相关系数为0.976),是3种方法中最适合确定寿县地区MLH的反演算法。利用梯度法反演了晴天无云天气条件下MLH的日变化,研究了当地气象条件对MLH的影响,结果发现:MLH增长率与前1 h地表温度增长率有很好的相关性;地表风速的变化也会导致MLH的急剧变化;MLH的发展滞后于气溶胶光学厚度0.5~3 h。     

Common bivalve larvae from New Zealand: Mytilacea

The late stage larvae of five common mytilid bivalves (Mollusca: Pelecypoda: Mytilacea) are described and provisionally identified as Mytilus edulis aoteanus, Modiolus areolatus, Perna canaliculus, Xenostrobus pulex, and Modiolarca impacta. All are readily distinguishable on the basis of larval shell features, including hinge structure. However, one common species, Aulacomya maoriana, was not discerned, and thus the identifications must remain tentative.

The larvae were recovered from plankton samples from Bay of Islands (35° 15’ S, 174° 10’ E), Wellington Harbour (41° 16’ S, 174° 51’ E), and Raumati Beach (40° 56’ S, 174° 58’ E), New Zealand, during 1970–72. Their seasonal occurrences in the plankton are described and related to the condition index of the adults as far as possible.     

辽西地区冻风积土水分迁移特征的研究

对辽西地区的风积土进行了冻结过程的水分迁移试验,获得了含水量随温度和时间的变化规律;基于连续介质力学和热力学理论,建立了冻结过程中水分迁移的动力学模型,并采用差分解法进行了数值模拟分析;借助于扫描电镜从微观上研究了冻结过程中试样内部土颗粒的排列变化,从而揭示风积土的水分迁移特征。研究结果表明：时间和温度决定了水分迁移的充分性,温度的变化随深度的增加而具有衰减性,并且在冻结峰面附近形成一个冻结含水量峰值;在靠近顶端的一定深度内,冻结后的含水量并没有持续增加,反而有减小的趋势;通过扫描图像可以看出,土颗粒的重新排列直接反映了水分迁移的状态。     

Study on micro water collecting technique in dryland field of spring maize *

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鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田长81储层微观孔隙结构特征及其对水驱油特征的影响

针对鄂尔多斯盆地西峰油田长81储层孔隙结构非均质性强、含水上升快、注水压力较高等问题,应用粒度、物性、X射线衍射、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规压汞、真实砂岩微观水驱油模型等实验资料,探讨了储层微观孔隙结构特征及其与水驱油效率的关系。根据毛管压力曲线特征形态及相应参数的分析,将长81储层孔隙结构分为A类、B类、C类、D类4种类型。研究表明,4种类型的孔隙结构对应的储集空间不同,水驱油路径和驱油效率具有明显的差异。喉道半径大小及分布形态是影响水驱油效率的关键;渗透率和孔隙度越高驱油效率越高。同时,储层岩石孔隙结构越好,水驱油效率也越高。综合分析表明,应用微观孔隙结构特征与水驱油效率的关系为寻找相对优势储层和提高油藏认识提供了可靠依据。