盐湖地学的研究进展和发展方向

在确定盐湖科学的专业范围并划分分支学科的基础上，对盐湖地学研究中的几个重大理论问题进行了讨论：１．大陆盐湖盆地成盐环境演化过程；２．盐湖卤水的天然随机连续煊化；３．盐湖沉积物质流和湖泊演变旋回发展事件；４．盐湖演变与全球变化。     

Low-mass protostars and protostellar stages

The use of sensitive receivers on large ground-based radiotelescopes such as the JCMT, the IRAM 30 m MRT, and the VLA has recently yielded significant progress in our observational understanding of low-mass protostars. Submillimeter continuum observations suggest that the youngest stellar objects detected in the near-/mid-IR range -the so-called Class I sources or infrared protostars - have only residual amounts of circumstellar material and are thus relatively evolved. At the same time, a smaller number of colder and more obscured YSOs - designated Class 0 - characterized by virtually no emission below 10µm but strong submillimeter emission have been identified. These Class 0 or submillimeter protostars have not yet assembled the bulk of their final stellar mass, and correspond to the youngest protostar stage known to date (probable age 10⁴ yr). Direct evidence for gravitational infall has been found in some of these sources confirming their protostellar nature. However, most (if not all) Class 0 protostars already drive highly collimated CO outflows.     

阿尔金山及其毗邻地区构造地貌的形成和演化

在新构造运动中复活的阿尔金走滑断裂带制约着本区构造地貌的分布格局和发育过程.阿尔金山即是该断裂带所控制的断块发生强烈上升而成的差异性断决山地,以阿尔金山为轴成反对称分布的区域地貌格局也是阿尔金走滑断裂带发生大规模左旋平移和逆冲推覆的产物.本区构造地貌演化则经历了三个阶段,其间断块上升活动西强东弱并自西向东发展,因而形成阿尔金山西高东低的起伏形态.     

冲绳海槽末次冰期以来千年尺度古海洋演化的沉积记录

格陵兰冰芯的δ18O记录表明，末次冰期的气候发生了一系列快速的冷暖交替过程，即所谓的Dansgaard-Oeschgerk旋回(Dansgaard et al.,1995；Stuiver et al.,1995；Grootes et al.,1997)。在北大西洋区域，海洋的沉积记录也清楚地再现了在总的冰期背景下代表强烈冰川漂移事件的6次变冷事件,即所谓的Heinrich事件(Bond et al.,1992，1993；Rasmussen et al.,1997；Andrews,1998)。通过对比发现Dansgaand-Oeschger旋回和Heinrich事件并非两个孤立的气候演变过程,Heinrich事件(H)发生在Dansgaard Oeshger旋回的最冷期，几次大的Heinrich事件使格陵兰的大气温度在冰期的气候条件下又降低3-6℃(Mayewski et al.，1997)。随后，越来越多的研究成果表明，这些气候事件的发生，尤其冷事件并不仅限于格陵兰和北大西洋等北半球的高纬度地区，几乎在全球各大区域均找到了它们的印记。 冲绳海槽作为西太平洋的一个弧后盆地，其较高的沉积速率和对全球气候变化的“放大效应”，为我们识别过去地质历史时期气候演化事件并进行全球对比提供了可靠的保证。本文作者对取自冲绳海槽北部的CSH1孔的孢粉组合和中部DGKS9603孔的浮游有孔虫动物群进行了分析，以期获得有关北半球高纬度地区记录的末次冰期气候突变事件具有全球意义的新证据。     

长白山天池火山粗面岩成因与岩浆房系统演化

长白山天池火山是典型的大陆板内碱性火山,岩石组合以玄武岩盾和粗面岩、碱流岩等碱性岩为主。为厘清天池火山粗面岩的形成过程,本文在综合前人研究的基础上,结合本文新发表数据,检验了粗面岩的成因。研究结果显示天池火山粗面岩不可能由古老的华北克拉通下地壳部分熔融形成,也不符合造盾玄武岩部分熔融的模式。通过主量元素、微量元素定性和定量计算后认为粗面岩是由进化玄武质岩浆(玄武粗安岩)经历了分离结晶作用所形成,粗面岩形成过程中岩浆遭受了地壳混染,并且具有高n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)和低n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)两种截然不同的混染趋势。结合岩相和层序信息,作者认为两种演化趋势是上地壳岩浆房系统变化的反映。早期玄武质岩(头道白山期)上侵至上地壳演化,因与上地壳直接接触,沿高n(~(87)Sr)/n(~(86)Sr)趋势演化。随着岩浆房接受补给,岩浆房逐渐增大,新侵入的岩浆与地壳被早期岩浆房结晶形成的岩浆房壁所隔挡,使得年轻粗面岩和碱流岩只与早期粗面质岩浆的残留体等进行物质交换,最终沿着低Sr同位素比值趋势演化。     

Evolution of the composition of seawater through geologic time, and its influence on the evolution of life

The redox state of the surface environment of the early Earth is still controversial, and a detailed and quantitative estimate is still lacking. We carried out in-situ analyses of major, trace, and rare-earth elements of carbonate minerals in rocks with primary sedimentary structures in shallow and deep sea-deposits, in order to eliminate secondary carbonate and contamination of detrital materials, and to estimate the redox condition of seawater through time. Based on the Ce content and anomalies of the carbonate minerals at given parameters of atmospheric CO₂ content (pCO₂) and Ca content of seawater, we calculated the oxygen contents of shallow and deep seawater, respectively. The results show that the oxygen content of the deep sea was low and constant until at least 1.9 Ga. The oxygen content of shallow seawater increased after 2.7 Ga, but fluctuated. It became quite high at 2.5 and 2.3 Ga, but eventually increased after the Phanerozoic. In addition, the calculation of a high pCO₂ condition shows that seawater was more oxic even in the Archean than at present, suggesting a relatively low pCO₂ through geologic time.Our detailed calculations from compositions of carbonate minerals in Three Gorge area, south China show a low oxygen content of seawater after the Snowball Earth until the late Ediacaran, an increase in the late Ediacaran, and a significant decrease around the Precambrian–Cambrian and Nemakit/Daldynian–Tommotian boundaries. These variations were possibly caused by global regression and dissolution of methane hydrates.     

高能耀斑指数的功率谱及其热点分布

本文采用一个表征高能耀斑强度的综合指数,分析了太阳活动21周以来(1976.7—1991.2)级别≥M1.0的X射线耀斑和能量≥10Mev的质子耀斑综合指数的时空分布,提出在研究时段内太阳上的13个高能耀斑“热点”。这些热点活动区反复回转,爆发了占总指数58.1％的高能耀斑。本文还讨论了高能耀斑热点的特征及其与大尺度磁场演化的关系。结果表明,高能耀斑热点与大尺度磁场的演化关系密切,前者受后者的调制。     

Abundances in the interstellar medium

Summary Recent developments in the theory of element production and the chemical evolution of the galaxy are presented. Following this, observational data and their interpretation are given. A case by case analysis of results for D, He, Li and CNO isotope data in the disk and center of our galaxy is presented; previous results for element gradients are also summarized.The primordial abundances of D and He cannot be directly obtained from observations; corrections for stellar processing are discussed. From these data and the Li abundances, it appears that the abundance of the light elements is consistent with the standard big bang. In agreement with previous results, the range of, the baryon to photon ratio, is 5–8 10^–10. If the amount of non-baryonic matter is small, these results indicate an open universe, in the standard big bang model.New data show a gradient in the (¹²C/¹³C) and (¹⁶O/¹⁸O) ratios with galactocentric distance, D_GC. The presence of a gradient in the (¹⁴N/¹⁵N) ratio is less clear and there is no measurable gradient in the (³²S/³⁴S) ratio. In the interstellar medium near the sun, the carbon isotope ratio is –20 percent lower than the solar system ratio. This indicates that there has been only a moderate amount of enrichment of the nearby interstellar medium since the formation of the solar system. These results and previously determined galactic element gradients are interpreted in the framework of chemical evolution models. Delayed recycling of nucleosynthesis products is essential for the correct interpretation of the results. Comparisons of data with galactic evolution models are discussed.This article was processed by the author using the Springer-Verlag T_EX AAR macro package 1991     

旅游度假区发展演化规律的初步探讨

本文探讨了国内外各种类型旅游度假区的发展规律,指出旅游度假区是由单一疗养功能逐渐转变成集康体、休闲、娱乐、健身、观光多功能于一体的旅游目的地。海滨旅游度假区和环城游憩带是当今最主要的度假旅游产品,温泉旅游度假区在一些国家处于衰落,高尔夫、足球、滑雪等专项旅游度假区发展迅速;全年经营运转的四季型旅游度假区应成为现代旅游度假区开发的典范。首次提出一些古代园林具有度假区的性质,并从旅游度假区的视角对其进行了分析和解剖。文章最后总结了现代旅游度假区的发展走势以及开发建设应注意的问题和值得借鉴的经验。     

Magnetic storms on Mars

Based on data from the Mars Global Surveyor magnetometer we examine periods of significantly enhanced magnetic disturbances in the martian space environment. Using almost seven years of observations during the maximum and early declining phase of the previous solar cycle the occurrence pattern and typical time profile of such periods is investigated and compared to solar wind measurements at Earth. Typical durations of the events are 20-40 h, and there is a tendency for large events to last longer, but a large spread in duration and intensity are found. The large and medium intensity events at Mars are found to occur predominantly in association with interplanetary sector boundaries, with solar wind dynamic pressure enhancements being the most likely interplanetary driver. In addition it is found that, on time scales of months to several years, the dominant cause of global variability of the magnetic field disturbance at Mars is solar wind dynamic pressure variations associated with the eccentricity of the martian orbit around the Sun.