Real-time probabilistic sediment concentration forecasting using integrated dynamic network and error distribution heterogeneity

Sediment forecasting at a dam site is important for the operation and management of water and sediment in a reservoir. However, the forecast results generally have some uncertainties, which may hinder the operation of the dam. In this study, a real-time sediment concentration probabilistic forecasting model is proposed based on a dynamic network model. Under this framework, the Elman neural network (ENN) and nonlinear auto-regressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) neural network models were established for sediment concentration forecasting with different lead times. A hybrid algorithm, which combined the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and real-time recurrent learning, was used to train the model. Using the aforementioned method, the sediment concentration was forecast for at the Sanmenxia Dam, China, and, subsequently, the forecast results were evaluated. Among the selected lead time, the results at 5 h exhibited the highest accuracy and practical significance. Compared with the ENN model, the sediment concentration peak error using the NARX neural network was reduced by 4.5%, and the sediment yield error was reduced by 0.043%. Therefore, the NARX neural network was selected as the deterministic sediment forecasting model. Additionally, the probability density function of the sediment concentration was derived based on the heterogeneity of the error distribution, and the sediment concentration interval, with different confidence levels, expected values, and median values, was forecast. The Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency for the sediment concentration, as forecasted based on the median value, was the highest (0.04 higher than that using a deterministic model), whereas the error of the sediment concentration peak and sediment yield remained unaltered. These results indicated the accuracy and superiority of the proposed real-time sediment probabilistic forecasting hybrid model.     

多传感器移动测量系统精度检测方法探讨

针对多传感器移动测量系统尚未有相应的精度检测技术规范的现状,文章提出了一种从单传感器检测到基于检校场的系统整体精度检测的方法和流程,并在广东省测绘产品质量监督检验中心监督下对所提出的精度检测方法进行了实际检验,结果充分验证了方法的可行性,为推动移动道路测量技术的应用提供参考。     

工业摄影测量中基准尺长度标定方法研究与试验

总结了我国工业摄影测量用基准尺长度标定的3种方法,对基准尺长度的标定方案和标定过程进行了研究。以国产某型号基准尺为例,对3种方法的特点进行了详细论述。通过实验研究,发现摄影测量法的实验重复性比较好,其次是灰度中心法,最差的是几何中心法;基准尺上标志点的外形质量对标定结果有较大影响。通过对3种方法的研究,以期为我国工业摄影测量中基准尺长度标定规范的制定提供借鉴和参考。     

Timing the time of concentration: shedding light on a paradox

From the origins of hydrology, the time of concentration, t_c, has conventionally been tackled as a constant quantity. However, theoretical proof and empirical evidence imply that t_c exhibits significant variability against rainfall, making its definition and estimation a hydrological paradox. Adopting the assumptions of the Rational method and the kinematic approach, an effective procedure in a GIS environment for estimating the travel time across a catchment’s longest flow path is provided. By application in 30 Mediterranean basins, it is illustrated that t_c is a negative power function of excess rainfall intensity. Regional formulas are established to infer its multiplier (unit time of concentration) and exponent from abstract geomorphological information, which are validated against observed data and theoretical literature outcomes. Besides offering a fast and easy solution to the paradox, we highlight the necessity of implementing the varying t_c concept within hydrological modelling, signalling a major shift from current engineering practices.     

Production rate calculations for cosmic-ray-muon-produced 10Be and 26Al benchmarked against geological calibration data

First, I benchmark existing methods of calculating subsurface ²⁶Al, ¹⁰Be, and ¹⁴C production rates due to cosmic-ray muons against published calibration data from bedrock cores and mine excavations. This shows that methods based on downward propagation of the surface muon energy spectrum fit calibration data adequately. Of these methods, one that uses a simpler geographic scaling method based on energy-dependent attenuation of muons in the atmosphere appears to fit calibration data better than a more complicated one that uses the results of a global particle transport model to estimate geographic variation in the surface muon energy spectrum. Second, I show that although highly simplified and computationally much cheaper exponential function approximations for subsurface production rates are not globally adequate for accurate production rate estimates at arbitrary location and depth, they can be used with acceptable accuracy for many exposure-dating and erosion-rate-estimation applications.     

Site selection and data processing of GNSS receiver calibration networks based on TEQC and GAMIT

This study introduces the site selection and data processing of GNSS receiver calibration networks. According to the design requirements and relevant specifications, the authors investigate the observation conditions of the potential sites and collect the experimental GNSS observation data. TEQC is used to evaluate the data availability rate and multipath effects of the observation data to determine the appropriate site. After the construction and measurement of the calibration network, the baseline processing of the medium and long baseline network is conducted by GAMIT. The accuracy indexes including NRMS, difference between repeated baselines, and closure of independent observation loops all meet the specified criteria.     

多波束系统安装偏差整体校准的地形特征匹配方法

针对目前多波束测深系统采用patch test方法、基于去耦性原理确定多波束系统安装偏差因理论不完善带来的实施复杂、计算精度偏低问题,提出了一种多波束系统安装偏差整体校准新方法。首先将地形转换为图像;再利用相关条带地形图像,借助SIFT匹配算法,获取了匹配点对;最后基于匹配点对坐标,利用附有不等式约束的最小二乘平差方法,实现了多波束系统安装偏差的整体解算。试验验证了该方法在简化实施过程、改善安装偏差校准精度方面的有效性。     

多目标无人机微型凝视高光谱成像仪辐射校正

微型凝视高光谱成像仪可以同时获取两个空间维度和一个光谱维度图像,且仅记录整个高光谱图像的外方位元素而不是记录每一帧图像的外方位元素,避免了扫描时的几何不稳定性,有效解决了小型线扫式高光谱成像仪成像几何变形大的问题,适合于姿态不稳定小型无人机负载平台。目前,研究大多集中于线扫式高光谱成像仪辐射校正方法。凝视型高光谱成像仪应用时间较短,国内外没有较为成熟的数据处理研究,阻碍了无人机微型凝视高光谱成像系统的应用。本文研究了无人机载微型凝视高光谱成像仪辐射响应线性度特性和辐射响应变异性的校正方法,并定量评估该方法的有效性。结果表明,辐射响应变异性校正前,高光谱图像存在明显的渐晕效应和条带现象,校正后,不同波段中像元的辐射响应变异系数显著下降,且渐晕效应和图像条带明显减少。本文提出了基于多目标辐射定标方法,并通过比较定标后的高光谱图像光谱与地面光谱仪实测地物光谱来验证辐射定标的精度。结果表明,多目标辐射定标方法的定标结果表现出更好的效果,特别对于近红外波段,与光谱仪实测的地物反射率差异较小。     

OZIEXPLORER软件结合GPS手持机在野外断裂调查中的应用

野外断裂地震地质调查是活断层探测的重要手段之一,在参加野外断裂地震地质调查的过程中,经过探索与实践,利用笔记本电脑、OZIEXPLORER软件及GPS手持机,形成了一整套包括室内展图、路线设计、野外导航、野外数字化定点、野外航迹保存的工作流程,并对各种地图、卫星照片、航片的校准问题进行了探讨。     

IMU/DGPS辅助空三地面测量

详细介绍了IMU/DGPS辅助空三地面测量的技术原理及工作流程,并以西部1∶50 000测图工程为例,探讨了IMU/DGPS技术的实施步骤。