浅谈小型矿山测量方法及其应用

通过讨论当地矿山测量方法和误差来源及大小,推算出采矿山井下全站仪支导线的点位精度;从而优化矿山控制点(导线点)的布设,进而提出作业过程的注意事项及保障措施。     

Terrain complexity and uncertainties in grid‐based digital terrain analysis

The objective of this research is to study the relationship between terrain complexity and terrain analysis results from grid‐based digital elevation models (DEMs). The impact of terrain complexity represented by terrain steepness and orientation on derived parameters such as slope and aspect has been analysed. Experiments have been conducted to quantify the uncertainties created by digital terrain analysis algorithms. The test results show that (a) the RMSE of derived slope and aspect is negatively correlated with slope steepness; (b) the RMSE of derived aspect is more sensitive to terrain complexity than that of derived slope; and (c) the uncertainties in derived slope and aspect tend to be found in flatter areas, and decrease with increasing terrain complexity. The study shows that although primary surface parameters can be well defined mathematically, the implementation of those mathematical models in a GIS environment may generate considerable uncertainties related to terrain complexity. In general, when terrain is rugged with steep slopes, the uncertainty of derived parameters is quite minimal. While in flatter areas, the DEM‐based derivatives, particularly the aspect, may contain a great amount of uncertainty, causing significant limitation in applying the analytical results.     

新型管道轨迹检测仪的试用误差分析

竣工管线轨迹的测量已经成为困扰国内水平定向钻发展的难题,新型管道轨迹检测仪的试用极大地提升我国在非开挖领域的技术水平。将轨迹仪投入管道后,自身携带陀螺仪等传感器和电源模块,通过人力牵引自由前行,同时记录数据。仪器在管线末端回收,不携带任何附属结构,可反复测量。数据经过回放后显示出来,反映仪器轴线前进过程中的路径,生成曲线和坐标。这样就能测得了管道的坐标系,为施工方提供可靠竣工管线轨迹数据,满足市政建设的要求。这种简单有效的仪器能够为管道施工提供优质、高效、可靠的数据,必将推动非开挖的规范制定和技术发展。     

A general framework for error analysis in measurement-based GIS Part 4: Error analysis in length and area measurements

This is the final of a series of four papers on the development of a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographic information systems (MBGIS). In this paper, we discuss the error analysis problems in length and area measurements under measurement error (ME) of the defining points. In line with the basic ME model constructed in Part 1 of this series, we formulate the ME models for length and area measurements. For length measurement and perimeter measurement, the approximate laws of error propagation are derived. For area measurement, the exact laws of error propagation are obtained under various conditions. An important result is that area measurement is distributed as a linear combination of independent non-central chi-square variables when the joint ME vectors of vertices coordinates are normal. In addition, we also give a necessary and sufficient condition under which the area measurement estimator is unbiased. As a comparison, the approximate law of error propagation in area measurement is also considered and its approximation is substantiated by numerical experiments.This project was supported by the earmarked grant CUHK 4362/00H of the Hong Kong Research grant Council.     

Impacts of Positional Error on Spatial Regression Analysis: A Case Study of Address Locations in Syracuse, New York

Positional error is the error produced by the discrepancy between reference and recorded locations. In urban landscapes, locations typically are obtained from global positioning systems or geocoding software. Although these technologies have improved the locational accuracy of georeferenced data, they are not error free. This error affects results of any spatial statistical analysis performed with a georeferenced dataset. In this paper we discuss the properties of positional error in an address matching exercise and the allocation of point locations to census geography units. We focus on the error's spatial structure, and more particularly on impacts of error propagation in spatial regression analysis. For this purpose we use two geocoding sources, we briefly describe the magnitude and the nature of their discrepancies, and we evaluate the consequences that this type of locational error has on a spatial regression analysis of pediatric blood lead data for Syracuse, NY. Our findings include: (1) the confirmation of the recurrence of spatial clustering in positional error at various geographic resolutions; and, (2) the identification of a noticeable but not shockingly large impact from positional error propagation in spatial auto‐binomial regression analysis results for the dataset analyzed.     

Stratified sampling of satellite images with a systematic grid of points

Sampling satellite images presents some specific characteristics: images overlap and many of them fall partially outside the studied region. A careless sampling may introduce an important bias. This paper illustrates the risk of bias and the efficiency improvements of systematic, pps (probability proportional to size) and stratified sampling.A sampling method is proposed with the following criteria: (a) unbiased estimators are easy to compute; (b) it can be combined with stratification; (c) within each stratum, sampling probability is proportional to the area of the sampling unit; and (d) the geographic distribution of the sample is reasonably homogeneous. Thiessen polygons computed on image centres are sampled through a systematic grid of points. The sampling rates in different strata are tuned by dividing the systematic grid into subgrids or replicates and taking for each stratum a certain number of replicates.The approach is illustrated with an application to the estimation of the geometric accuracy of Image2000, a Landsat ETM+ mosaic of the European Union.     

研究地震空区及条带附近地震破裂特征方法的误差讨论

较详细地讨论了确定中小地震破裂面方向和环境应力值方法的误差.分析表明,引起破裂方向误差的主要因素是台站包围震中的张角和制作广义方向性函数理论量板的精细程度.若对于θ角(台站和震中的连线与主破裂方向之间的夹角)每隔15°给出一条理论曲线,当台站包围震中张角大于60°时,其误差可小于15°.引起环境应力值τ0相对误差的主要因素是震级误差.若震级误差为0.3,可引起τ0的相对误差为70%.     

国际地磁参考场在中国大陆地区的误差分析

IGRF（国际地磁参考场）是有关地球 主磁场与长期变化的模型，IGRF的误差主要来源于：忽略外源场、球谐级数的截断、台站分 布的不均匀、测量、忽略地壳磁异常场等. 分析我国大陆地区IGRF的误差，有利于我国地磁 研究 人员在工作中合理地应用IGRF资料. 如果不计磁异常与环境干扰都比较大的北京台，29个基 准台的IGRF的误差(均方根差)为146.9nT.     

单频GPS接收机在国土资源调查应用中的误差分析

单频GPS接收机在国土资源调查中的应用越来越普及，而它在定位中受到误差源的影响。文中介绍了GPS接收机的主要误差来源，分析了各种误差对准确定的影响程度，为实际工作中避免和削弱这些影响提供了可以借鉴的方法。