靖边风沙滩地区海子与地下水位演化历史模拟分析

对研究区自1957年至2008年间的水资源利用历史过程进行分析,利用分析结果对研究区海子与地下水位演化历史进行数值模拟。直观的再现由于水资源开发及气候因素等对研究区当地居民生活及自然生态环境造成的影响。由于地下水资源过度利用造成的植被死亡,土地沙化,居民生活困难,环境破坏严重。要加大地下水管理开采力度,保护生态环境。     

六盘山北部寺口子砂岩研究现状、问题及意义

古近纪内陆古环境重建是我国第四纪和新生代地质研究面临的前沿课题。位于青藏高原东北缘六盘山北部,作为著名寺口子组的正层型剖面,寺口子砂岩剖面是该期内陆环境变化重建的一个理想剖面。但其成因认识尚存在水成与风成两大分歧,以致其时代、成因、环境等一系列问题尚无定论。前人研究的基础上,通过对寺口子剖面进行野外调查与研究,进一步厘定沉积时代,澄清沉积特征,揭示成因类型,恢复沉积过程,重建其古地理环境与演变过程,并与区域及全球有关地质环境及古气候事件记录进行对比,探讨其对全球气候环境演变的响应机理,有助于解决该地层的成因与环境问题,有望建立一个典型古近纪内陆沉积剖面,促进中国内陆古近系记录及其古环境研究,并为青藏高原隆升—季风变迁—沙漠演化等耦合机制研究提供新的证据,同时,对类似砂岩地层的研究具有一定的推动作用。     

新甘交界红柳河地区早二叠世火山作用的环境响应

新甘交界红柳河地区早二叠世玄武岩与灰岩互层,玄武岩局部发育为枕状,枕间充填灰岩。通过对剖面碳酸盐岩样品的全岩无机碳氧同位素研究发现,与玄武岩互层的层状灰岩的δ~(13)C 和δ~(18)O 平均值分别为3.2‰和-14.2‰,枕状玄武岩间的块状灰岩的δ~(13)C 和δ~(18)O 的平均值分别为-0.7‰和-18.2‰,即碳酸盐岩的碳氧同位素组成在火山快速爆发时期相对于火山活动间隙时期明显偏负。通过对层状灰岩和枕间灰岩碳氧同位素研究发现,海盆火山作用是环境变化的主要控制因素。     

Environmental assessment and nano-mineralogical characterization of coal,overburden and sediment from Indian coal mining acid drainage

The deterioration of environmental conditions is the major contributory factor to poor health and quality of life that hinders sustainable development in any region.Coal mining is one of the major industries that contribute to the economy of a country but it also impacts the environment.The chemical parameters of the coal,overburden,soil and sediments along with the coal mine drainage(CMD)were investigated in order to understand the overall environmental impact from high sulphur coal mining at northeastern coalfield(India).It was found that the total sulphur content of the coal is noticeably high compared to the overburden(OB)and soil.The volatile matter of the coal is sufficiently high against the high ash content of the soil and overburden.The water samples have a High Electrical Conductivity(EC)and high Total Dissolve Solid(TDS).Lower values of pH,indicate the dissolution of minerals present in the coal as well as other minerals in the mine rejects/overburden.The chemical and nano-mineralogical composition of coal,soil and overburden samples was studied using a High Resolution-Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR-TEM),Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS),Selected-Area Diffraction(SAED),Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)/EDS,X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR),Raman and Ion-Chromatographic analysis,and Mossbauer spectroscopy.From different geochemical analysis it has been found that the mine water sample from Ledo colliery has the lowest pH value of 3.30,Tirap colliery samples have the highest electrical conductivity value of5.40 ms cm~(-1)Both Ledo and Tirap coals have total sulphur contents within the range 3-3.50%.The coal mine water from Tirap colliery(TW-15 B)has high values of Mg~(2+)(450 ppm),and Br~-(227.17 ppm).XRD analysis revealed the presence of minerals including quartz and hematite in the coals.Mineral analysis of coal mine overburden(OB)indicates the presence both of pyrite and marcasite which was also confirmed in XRD and Mossbauer spectral analysis.The presented data of the minerals and ultra/nano-particles present shows their ability to control the mobility of hazardous elements,suggesting possible use in environmental management technology,including restoration of the delicate Indian coal mine areas.     

Links between bulk sediment particle size and magnetic grain‐size: general observations and implications for Chinese loess studies

Using a combination of particle size analysis, magnetic measurements, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging, this study shows that in a wide range of depositional environments, there is a strong link between particle size classes and magnetic response, especially below the upper limit of stable single domain magnetic behaviour. Ferrimagnetic grain assemblages dominated by stable single domain magnetosomes regularly have peak susceptibility and remanence values in coarser grades than do those containing finer‐grained, viscous and superparamagnetic secondary magnetic minerals formed during pedogenesis. This effect is despite the fact that there is a one to two orders of magnitude size difference between the particle size boundaries (at 1 or 2 μm) and key domain state transitions (mostly below 0·05 μm). The implications of these results are explored using samples spanning 22 Myr of loess accumulation on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results from the loess sections, complemented by data from low‐temperature magnetic experiments, show that there are subtle distinctions in mean ferrimagnetic grain‐size between the Pleistocene and Miocene parts of the record, thus allowing more refined rock magnetic interpretations of the fine‐grained ferrimagnetic mineral assemblages arising from the effects of weathering, pedogenesis and possibly diagenesis in the sections studied.     

The distribution of heavy metals in an abandoned mining area; a case study of Strauss Pit, the Drake mining area, Australia: implications for the environmental management of mine sites

Surface water samples from the Drake mining area show elevated metal concentrations, notably cadmium, iron and zinc. A detailed study of a sphalerite /quartz vein from Strauss Pit and chalcopyrite and pyrite from the Adeline mine and Strauss Pit indicate that micro-scale analyses of ores are necessary for environmental management of mine sites. Analyses show that Cd is elevated, up to 2.1 % by weight, and is associated with sphalerite, replacing Zn, or to a lesser extent replacing Pb within small galena grains. High concentrations of Cu are also associated with the Strauss Pit ore as small chalcopyrite grains along the margins of the sphalerite vein, within the central quartz zone of the vein system, and as replacement rims on sphalerite grains. Chalcopyrite from the Adeline mine area, is by comparison, metal poor, but still contains elevated heavy metal concentrations. Whereas, pyrite and chalcopyrite, from Strauss Pit have variable heavy metal concentrations, with chalcopyrite from within sphalerite veins having higher Cd and Zn concentrations than chalcopyrite distal to the veins. Cadmium and other heavy metals within the ores are mobilised during sulphide weathering and enter the drainage network; precipitation of secondary oxidation minerals act as temporary stores for many heavy metals. The complexity of the mineral and heavy metal associations at Strauss Pit suggest that a detailed knowledge of these associations and distributions within ore bodies, and associated waste rocks, are needed by environmental managers of mine sites because the presence of havy metals may greatly affect the decision making process, and management strategies employed. Received; 14 July 1999 · Accepted: 17 August 1999     

山区城市环境系统的污染及其变异的典型研究

本文以重庆市为代表，讨论山区城市环境系统中大气、地表水、土壤、地下水、包气带、生物体等六个子系统的污染状况，并研究了由此而引发的环境系统的变异，它涉及到气候变迁，土壤酸化，物种退化，水质恶化，建筑物表面和文物的损害，人群和生物生存的潜在变化等诸多方面，为制定防治污染策略提供科学依据。     

CZD—6型车载多道γ能谱测量系统

CZD－6型车载多道γ能潜测量系统,以核工业北京地质研究院研制的HDY－256型便携式多道γ能谱仪为操作台,与大体积闪烁探测器构成γ能谱测量系统。每一测点的位置用GPS导航仪定位。测点的经纬度及该测点上获取的256道γ能谱数据用笔记本微机采集,可以在行进中实时显示每一测点的256道谱线。仪器安装在轻型越野车中,构成一套完整的车载多道γ能谱测量系统。该系统在石家庄航测放射性模型上通过校正后,已用于环境放射性监测。获得的大量数据表明,仪器性能稳定,工作可靠,是快速进行环境γ能谱测量的先进手段。它不仅可用于测定环境天然放射性元素浓度,而且在核事故应急处理、核污染监测中具有重要意义。     

关于土壤中“化学定时炸弹”及其触爆因素的探讨

运用目前环境科学研究中较为流行的“化学定时炸弹”的概念,详细分析了我国土壤中可能的“化学定时炸弹”。认为土壤中存在着地带性和泛地带性的“化学定时炸弹”,地带性的包括土壤盐渍化、土壤酸化等;泛地带性的包括施肥造成的、工业污染造成的及特殊成土作用形成的“化学定时炸弹”。同时,探讨了导致土壤中这些“化学定时炸弹”内在和外在的可能触爆因素。提出了今后开展该领域宏观和微观研究的方向和建议。     

新亚欧大陆桥新疆段环境灾害时空分维特征研究

基于区域自然灾害发生的随机性和不确定性,运用分形、混沌理论,对新亚欧大陆桥新疆段近38年的环境灾害受损次数进行了时空分维特征研究。结果表明陆桥新疆段受损状况不仅在时间序列上具有自相似性,其容量维Df在0.8302～1.437之间,而且在空间序列上也具有自相似性,存在明显分维结构,其信息维D1在0.0997～0.1272之间。灾害严重区段的容量维值较大,并且容量维值越大,灾害事件中等级的复杂程度就越高,这一特征将有助于认识灾害发生规律和动力学特征。