Nitrates as indicators of aquifer interconnection. Application to the Campo de Dalías (SE – Spain)

 Relatively high concentrations of NO₃ usually have their origin in processes of organic pollution and excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. In the case of agricultural areas, these activities may generate great quantities of nitrates. This fact has enabled us to use the nitrate ion to characterize an exploited aquifer unit of a very complex aquifer system, as is the case for the Campo de Dalías aquifer system (SE Spain). The shallow boreholes, which draw water from intensively cultivated superficial formations, yield waters with a high NO₃ content. When the boreholes are deeper and penetrate low-permeability formations in the superficial layers, the waters contain little NO₃; similar to what happens in areas of recharge where agricultural activities are absent. In addition, using longitudinal sections, it is possible to demonstrate the possible existence of connections between superficial and deep aquifers using NO₃ as a tracer. Similarly one can locate those sectors responsible for contamination caused by the poorly lined boreholes themselves, when they perforate more than one aquifer in a multiple aquifer formation. Received: 22 December 1998 · Accepted: 20 March 1999     

论两类环境和两类悬河问题的研究

分析认为环境问题有两类 :污染与生态破坏和环境岩土工程问题。悬河问题也有两类 :永久性悬河和暂时性洪水悬河。它们属于 2 1世纪我国将面临的主要环境岩土工程课题。本文就这些问题的基本概念和研究途径作一讨论.     

市域环境区划和用地生态适宜度分析方法--以晋江市市域环境区划为例

本文探讨了市域环境区划和用地生态适宜度分析的方法,提出了适合市域环境区划用地生态适宜度分析的生态指标,并将此结果应用于晋江市环境区划中,可为市域环境划调整功能区提供参考。     

Benthic Disturbance and Impact Experiments in the Central Indian Ocean Basin

As a part of the Environmental Impact Assessment studies for nodule mining, a long-term program has been initiated in the Central Indian Basin. Multidisciplinary studies on geological, biological, physical, and chemical parameters were carried out in an area selected on the basis of baseline data collected in the first phase of the program. A benthic disturbance was simulated with a hydraulic device also used in the previous experiments in the Pacific Ocean. A site of 3,000 ×200 m was repeatedly disturbed by a combination of fluidizing pump and suction pump to dislodge and discharge sediment from the seafloor into the water column 5 m above the seafloor. During 9 days of operation, 26 tows were carried out for 47 h of disturbance, resuspending about 6,000 m 3 of sediment along an 88-km line. Data for postdisturbance impact assessment were collected with sediment traps, deep-towed cameras, seafloor samples, and conductivity-temperature depth sensor (CTD)-rosette observations. Seafloor data, sediment samples, and water column studies were aimed at evaluating the impact of benthic disturbance, on the basis of pre- and postdisturbance data collected during the experiment. Observations show that vertical mixing of sediment as well as its lateral movement and resedimentation because of plume migration alters various parameters and leads to changes in the environment around the area.     

茂兰森林生态系统对岩溶环境的适应与调节

通过对贵州茂兰森林区岩溶作用下森林生态特点的研究表明,岩溶山区由于岩溶作用导致了地貌、土壤、水分等状况的特异性,其森林生态系统行为对岩溶作用也作出了相应的响应,如森林生态系统虽然生物多样性、物种的特有性仍然较好,但物种以钙生性、旱生性为主,生产力低下,森林生态系统主要通过诸如无性更新、不间断随时更新等方式来适应严酷的岩溶环境。因此要保持和恢复岩溶石山区森林生态系统生产力,其首要的基础研究问题是岩溶作用影响下森林植物的生境胁迫的机制及其动态,森林植物对这种胁迫的适应性及其基因调控机理。      

广东的小康社会与水资源的可持续利用

广东省自然环境优越,水资源丰富,是社会经济发展的优势.然而,随着经济的迅速发展,却由于体制上的原因,工企业遍地开花,同时,耕地的锐减和传统生态农业的萎缩等,造成广大农村环境污染,从而出现严重水质性缺水,不少地区农村缺乏饮用水.因此,必须采取措施克服体制弊端,根治环境污染,保护好耕地,发展传统生态农业和保护好林业,以保护水源和水环境.     

海洋水下起伏式拖体U-TOW的技术特点及应用

介绍了为满足当今海洋环境监测和保护的需要而出现的调查新技术-水下起伏式拖体的发展情况,分析讨论了其代表性产品U-TOW的技术特点及其在我国近岸海洋地质环境与灾害调查评价中的应用,认为其适合我国近岸环境调查,具有发展前景广阔、数据采集高效快捷的特点.     

Learning effects of interactive decision-making processes for climate change adaptation

Learning is gaining attention in relation to governance processes for contemporary environmental challenges; however, scholarship at the nexus of learning and environmental governance lacks clarity and understanding about how to define and measure learning, and the linkages between learning, social interactions, and environment. In response, this study aimed to advance and operationalize a typology of learning in an environmental governance context, and examined if a participatory decision-making process (adaptive co-management) for climate change adaptation fostered learning. Three types of learning were identified: cognitive learning, related to the acquisition of new or the structuring of existing knowledge; normative learning, which concerns a shift in viewpoints, values or paradigms, and relational learning, referring to an improved understanding of others’ mindsets, enhanced trust and ability to cooperate. A robust mixed methods approach with a focus on quantitative measures including concept map analysis, social network analysis, and self-reflective questions, was designed to gauge indicators for each learning type. A participatory decision-making process for climate change adaptation was initiated with stakeholders in the Niagara region, Canada. A pseudo-control group was used to minimize external contextual influences on results. Clear empirical evidence of cognitive and relational learning was gained; however, the results from normative learning measures were inconclusive. The learning typology and measurement method operationalized in this research advances previous treatments of learning in relation to participatory decision-making processes, and supports adaptive co-management as a governance strategy that fosters learning and adaptive capacity.     

畜禽养殖粪污水中N、P等含量的研究及对环境影响的分析

根据不同畜禽养殖污水产生系数与污染物平均浓度,计算出不同畜禽养殖粪污中COD、TN和TP的含量。并对畜禽养殖业产生的污染物对环境可能产生的污染影响进行分析。进一步说明畜禽粪污必须要妥善处理,否则会对环境造成危害,尤其是对水环境的影响将是巨大的。     

Symbiodinium diversity within Acropora muricata and the surrounding environment

Several long‐term studies have monitored populations of algal symbionts, Symbiodinium sp., in coral hosts over different temporal and spatial scales, and among multiple host species. The extension of these studies to include environmental pools of algal symbionts from sources such as the water column, sediments, free‐floating mucus mats and those settling on biofilms has only been studied by a few, yet has the potential to enhance our understanding of the dynamics and controls on symbiont populations. Adaptive changes in the coral symbiont complement rely either on the uptake of new strains from the environment or population expansion of rarer strains in the existing symbiont population. The relative scope for these alternative pathways of uptake is unknown. This study therefore examined spatial changes in Symbiodinium clades within the water column at two different time periods and compared these with other environmental pools (biofilms, sediments, and mucus mats) and those within the dominant reef‐building species at the study site, Acropora muricata. A diversity of algal symbiont clades were detected in environmental pools, with specific clades associated with different habitats. At an island scale, there was significant variation in clade composition between sites separated by 0.5–7 km, a result which was repeated for both sample periods encompassing different seasons (March 2009 and August 2010). Although no single environmental pool contained a Symbiodinium complement comparable to that of the host coral species investigated, the dominant coral Symbiodinium were available in combinations of the environmental pools, indicating that the coral has the potential to obtain its symbionts from a variety of environmental sources.