From Kyoto via Moscow to nowhere?

Abstract

Since the World Climate Change Conference held in the autumn of 2003 in Moscow, Russian Federation, the fate of international climate policy architecture designed around the Kyoto Protocol hangs in the balance. After the withdrawal of the USA from the Kyoto Protocol, the condition of its ratification cannot be met without the Russian Federation. There has been a considerable uncertainty as to Russia's intentions regarding ratification of Kyoto. In this contribution, an attempt is made to identify the Russian motives and concerns, and explain their attitudes regarding the Kyoto Protocol. Pressures against and for ratification are discussed. Finally, a few comments are made about the future of the efforts to solve the global environmental problem of protecting the Earth's climate.     

Evaluating the Bonn—Marrakesh agreement

Abstract

This article evaluates the environmental effectiveness and economic efficiency of the Kyoto Protocol after the Bonn Agreement and the Marrakesh Accords. The US withdrawal has by far the greatest impact in reducing the environmental effectiveness, lowering the price of traded emission permits and reducing Annex I abatement costs. The decisions on sinks imply that the Annex I CO₂-equivalent emissions without the US will come out at about 1/2% below base-year level, instead of over 4% below base-year level. Without US participation, the emission permit price is estimated to be low. Therefore, banking hot air by Russia and the Ukraine is of absolute importance for the development of a viable emissions trading market, and would also enhance the environmental effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol.     

Climate negotiations beyond Kyoto: developing countries concerns and interests

Abstract

Five years down the road from Kyoto, the Protocol that bears that city's name still awaits enough qualifying ratifications to come into force. While attention has been understandably focussed on the ratification process, it is time to begin thinking about the next steps for the global climate regime, particularly in terms of a deeper inclusion of developing countries' concerns and interests. This paper begins doing so from the perspective of the developing countries. The principal argument is that we need to return to the basic principles outlined in the Framework Convention on Climate Change in searching for a north—south bargain on climate change. Such a bargain may be achievable if we can realign the policy architecture of the climate regime to its original stated goals of sustainable development.     

马尼拉全海笋的生态观察

对马尼拉全海笋Ｂａｒｎｅａｍａｎｉｌｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉ）的生态环境、生活习性与分布等进行了观察。马尼拉全海笋在我国仅分布于南海，生活在潮间带高、中潮区风化岩石或胶粘的泥质中，生活海区的水温８～３２℃，盐度２０～３３，海水ｐＨ８．２～８．４，穴深随壳长的增长而加深，洞穴与滩面呈４５～９０°。以底栖硅藻和有机碎屑为食。壳长平均第一年为４５．１ｍｍ，第二年达５７．２ｍｍ，第三年６３．２ｍｍ。雌雄异体，繁殖期在夏季。肉可食用。     

Thermal interactions of the Huygens probe with the Titan environment: Constraint on near-surface wind

The Huygens probe lost heat to its cold environment during its descent through Titan's atmosphere and after landing. Here I report measurements of the probe's thermal behavior and comparison with ground tests (1) to provide a context for other scientific investigations, such as the release of volatiles from the landing site, and (2) to place constraints on Titan environmental parameters directly, such as the thermal conductivity of the surface material and the strength of winds at the surface. Near-surface winds are constrained to be less than 0.2 m s⁻¹, and probably much less.     

历史上治黄治淮的环境后果

本文通过历史与现代过程的分析,探讨了历史上治黄治淮的环境效应,特别是黄河筑堤和淮河高家堰修筑所造成的环境后果。黄河筑堤为下游平原地区的开发提供了条件,但河床的抬高,地上河的形成,使黄河改道频繁,并由此控制了徽地貌的形成,影响了土壤的成土过程和分布、地表水和地下水动念、涝渍灾害和盐碱化。黄河夺淮后,高家堰的修筑使洪泽湖面积急剧扩大,水位迅速提高,并使之成为中国和世界上最早的大水库。并由此增加了洪涝灾害的机遇和频率。     

地形对南北低空气流重力惯性波稳定度的影响

在南北向低空急流下,通过简单二层模式讨论地形起伏对重力惯性波的影响,研究指出:(1)存在一个对重力惯性波稳定度无影响的函数和不产生不稳定重力惯性波地形函数;(2)地形起伏越大,不稳定重力惯性波越强;(3)无论南风或北风基流,都是南坡比北坡更有利于产生不稳定重力惯性波。最后,通过实例计算表明,动力分析结果与实况有较好的一致性。     

对南极地区气温的聚类分析

对南极地区的多年月平均气温资料进行聚类分析,结果表明,可以分为极区内陆、海湾区域、东南极沿岸和南极半岛地区四大类型。南极半岛地区一些位于南极圈之外的考察站反映的仍是南极气候状况。     

中国环境工程地质的发展现状与未来

本文对我国环境工程地质的发展简况、研究现状和末来所面临的问题等进行了回顾、概括和展望,指出我国环境工程地质问题日趋复杂。从防御和保护环境出发,我国未来的环境地质问题将以沿海地区、长江中下游沿江地带和内陆大中城市地区为重点。建立经济、社会和环境协调发展的环境工程地质的科学体系已成为当务之急。     

建设项目大气环境影响评价的Fuzzy综合评判方法

本文将Fuzzy综合评判方法应用于建设项目的大气环境影响评价,并通过与其它评价方法的比较,说明Fuzzy综合评判方法在建设项目大气环境影响评价中的可行性和客观性。