凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)继饥饿后恢复生长期间生化组成及能量收支的动态变化

采用氧弹式热量计和常规的动物生化成分分析方法,测定凡纳滨对虾在恢复生长过程中生化组成和能量分配模式的动态变化。结果表明,饥饿状态下,虾体干重、脂肪含量和能值下降,水分和灰分含量升高,但蛋白质含量没有明显改变。恢复投喂后,能量特定生长率显著提高,而虾体各生化组成在不同时间内均恢复到对照组水平。饥饿使对虾恢复生长过程特别是其前期的能量分配模式发生极显著变化。对虾的摄食能分配于生长的比例增大,而损失于代谢消耗的比例则相应减少;摄食能的增加和消化吸收率提高则仅发生在恢复生长的初期。可以认为,凡纳滨对虾继饥饿后的补偿生长效应主要出现在恢复生长的前期,并随时间延长逐步减弱,其生理机制最主要是得益于代谢耗能比例的减少。     

海水拌养混凝土耐久性试验与应用

通过对海水拌养混凝土耐海水侵蚀试验和海水中化学成分对水泥胶砂与骨料的影响分析,以及海水拌养混凝土的工程应用与调查结合长龄期强度跟踪观测,研究了海水拌养素混凝土的耐久性.旨在为淡水资源匮乏的海岛工程建设应用海水拌养混凝土,减少从大陆船运施工用淡水,节省工程投资提供资料.     

埕岛油田海域气象规律研究与应用

气象海况是组织海上油田生产的重要依据,通过查询海区历史气象资料,分析研究埕岛油田海域的气象规律和特点,紧密结合油田区城地理、海上施工及平台、船舶等设施及装备的基本情况,针对油田生产、海上施工等受气象水文因素制约、影响的不同特点,提出科学的组织生产措施,提高生产效率,保障安全生产。     

Lessons from stakeholder dialogues on marine aquaculture in offshore wind farms: Perceived potentials,constraints and research gaps

Drawing on a case study in Germany, this contribution explores the practical application of offshore aquaculture within offshore wind farms in view of the different stakeholders involved. Using a transdisciplinary research approach, an understanding of the rationalities and interests among the different involved stakeholder groups was explored. Offshore wind energy is high on the political agenda in Germany. The vast spatial requirements however inherit potential user conflicts with competing, and under current legislation excluded users such as fishermen. Solutions for combining sustainable uses of the same ocean space have thus seen increasing interest within the research community in Germany and in Europe over the past years. This paper was inspired by and presents the outcomes of a stakeholder analysis and in particular a stakeholder workshop. Central focus was placed on academics and private as well as public stakeholders engaged in current research efforts of combining offshore wind farms and aquaculture in the German North Sea. The paper identifies the overall acceptance of such a multi-use scenario in society, opportunities and constraints as perceived by the stakeholders, and key research gaps. The results confirm the assumption that there is a clear need, and also willingness on behalf of the policy makers and the research community, to find sustainable, resource- and space-efficient solutions for combined ocean use.     

Research and management priorities for Atlantic marine recreational fisheries in Southern Europe

Marine Recreational Fishing (MRF) is an important activity in Europe, with 9 million fishers and generating annually € 6 billion in direct expenditures. However, there is a lack of data and understanding of MRF in Europe, particularly in Southern countries, which prevents a number of fish stocks from being effectively assessed and managed. In November 2016, a participatory workshop on MRF was held in Vigo (Spain) to identify challenges and opportunities for data collection, and to diagnose key research gaps and management issues for MRF in the Southern European Atlantic. Experts from a wide range of disciplines (researchers, policy makers, fisheries managers and commercial and recreational fishers) highlighted that the management of MRF is a challenge due to complex and dispersed legal frameworks, with multiple administrations involved, and overlapping uses of space with commercial fishing, aquaculture, navigation and tourism, among others. The lack of strong and representative fishing associations hampers research and management initiatives. Effective communication between recreational fishers, researchers and fisheries managers is also lacking. Despite the ecological, social and economic relevance of MRF, there is no systematic and comprehensive collection of information on fishing effort, recreational catches, expenses, social profile and access conditions of European recreational fishers. These data would be useful to avoid biases in the assessment of recreational fisheries due to the great diversity of ecosystems, species and typologies of users. Strategic recommendations and research priorities were also identified to address knowledge gaps and are discussed in the context of the management of MRF across Europe.     

Movement patterns of an endangered fishery species,Lithognathus lithognathus (Sparidae), and the role of no-take marine protected areas as a management tool

Understanding movement behaviour is essential for effective management of fishery species. Dart tags were used to study coastal movement patterns of white steenbras Lithognathus lithognathus, an overexploited seabream (Sparidae) in South Africa. In total, 6 962 fish (190–1 080 mm fork length) were tagged throughout the species’ distributional range, in four long-term fish-tagging programmes. The predominant behaviour recorded was residency, with relatively short-ranging movements. More than 60% of the 351 recaptured fish were recaptured within 1 km of their tagging site, some of which were at liberty in excess of three years. Most of the juveniles (93.9%), subadults (71.7%) and adults (64.0%) were recaptured within 10 km. Occasional long-distance movements of up to 800 km were recorded. Recapture distances were positively, but weakly, correlated with fish fork length (n = 257 fish measured at recapture; r² = 0.166, p < 0.001). Low levels of connectivity among coastal areas suggest that large-scale annual spawning migrations, as previously hypothesised for this species, are unlikely, which raises the possibility of multiple spawning sites. Seventy-seven percent of L. lithognathus tagged within three marine protected areas (MPAs) were recaptured within the same MPA, suggesting that area closures provide protection for L. lithognathus through the post-estuarine juvenile, subadult and adult life stages. We confirm that the country’s current network of coastal MPAs plays a vital role in sustaining this species, and suggest that additional closures, or otherwise substantial reductions in catch rates, are necessary for the species’ recovery.     

Seagrass ecophysiology meets ecological genomics: are we ready?

In March 2011, the Ecophysiology and Genetics Working Groups of the European Science Foundation COST Action ES 0906, entitled Seagrass Productivity: From Genes to Ecosystem Management, organized an exploratory workshop entitled “Linking Ecophysiology and Ecogenomics in Seagrass Systems”. The goal of the workshop was to discuss how to integrate comparative gene expression studies with physiological processes such as photosynthetic performance, carbon and nitrogen utilization and environmental adaptation. The main questions discussed for integrative research related to mechanisms of carbon utilization, light requirements, temperature effects and natural variation in pH and ocean acidification. It was concluded that the seagrass research community is still in the nascent stages of linking ecophysiology with genomic responses, as carbon and nitrogen metabolism of seagrasses have not been sufficiently well studied. Likewise, genomic approaches have only been able to assign meaningful interpretations to a handful of differentially expressed genes. Nevertheless, the way forward has been established.     

山东半岛近岸海区全新世泥质沉积体研究现状

20世纪80年代以来,山东半岛近岸海区全新世泥质沉积体引起了地学界的关注,很多学者对其进行过研究并发表了众多相关论文。综合前人的研究成果认为,山东半岛全新世泥质沉积体受到黄海暖流和黄海沿岸流的共同作用,呈现出中间厚、向海向陆减薄的楔形,并沿山东半岛发育,其物质来源主要是黄河注入所带来的沉积物;在形成机制上,受到海平面上升、潮流和黄河入海口的迁移等多种因素的控制,成因复杂;在形成时间上,现今的研究成果普遍认为该泥楔形成于全新世冰后期海平面上升时期。对目前研究中仍存在的问题进行讨论,提出了山东泥楔的未来研究方向,指出应该建立多种水动力耦合作用下的泥沙输运与沉积模式,着重从海洋沉积动力学角度进行新的研究。     

天然气水合物勘查相关技术集成研发进展

天然气水合物作为21世纪新型潜在能源,在新一轮地质调查背景下,国家加大了天然气水合物勘查技术的研发投入。通过跟踪国外天然气水合物调查前沿技术,结合我国实际勘查需求,在对声学深拖探测系统、可控源海洋电磁探测技术、现场检测及原位监测等技术现状进行分析的基础上,开展了相应的研发工作,重点介绍了各技术装备研发工作进展及目前取得的阶段成果,并提出了下一步的工作要点。     

海底峡谷水动力系统研究

海底峡谷作为海洋中油气勘探的重要指示器和富集场所,研究其复杂的水动力系统变得十分重要。海底峡谷中水动力系统包括了重力流、浊流、潮汐/内潮汐、内波、底层流、上升流和高密度陆架瀑布流(Dense Shelf Water Cascading)等要素,与峡谷外有明显的不同。首次从海底峡谷水动力系统的综合概况出发,研究了水动力作用对峡谷的侵蚀、沉积物的搬运与沉积以及特殊生态系统的塑造,总结分析了峡谷中水动力系统的主要研究手段。结果表明,海底峡谷中的水动力作用由于成因不同,各自的表现特征也不一样;重力流、内潮汐、上升流等水动力作用对峡谷的形态地貌、物质搬运以及生态系统的影响较为显著;对于常用的4种水动力系统的研究方法而言,其研究背景各不相同,且存在一定的局限性。本文为我国海底峡谷水动力系统的研究起到了一定的指导作用。