Dynamic instability of clays: an energy approach

The dynamic instability of any soil is based on the ability to accumulate from cycle to cycle a part of the energy to be dissipated. Using the general thermodynamic approach in combination with high resolution experiments it is possible to analyze the transformations of energy in soil under dynamic loading. Undisturbed specimens of two Norwegian clays, sufficiently different in their engineering properties, were used in a number of undrained cyclic triaxial tests to study the influence of confining stress, coefficient of earth pressure at rest (K₀), dynamic stress amplitude and frequency of loading in the development of instability in the clays. This paper discusses the unit dissipated energy and the unit activation energy as possible energy criteria for evaluation of dynamic instability in soils.     

The Upper Stratospheric Ozone Budget: An Update of Calculations Based on HALOE Data

On the basis of data obtained by the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) box model calculations are performed to investigate the ozone budget in the upper stratosphere. The HALOE data comprise measurements of major source gases and key chemical species involved in the ozone destruction cycles. In comparison to earlier calculations using version 17 of the HALOE data, the calculated ozone destruction rate increases when the updated data version 18 is used. However, as with the previous study using version 17 of the HALOE data, no evidence for a significant model ozone deficit is found.     

青藏高原能量收支观测实验的新进展

通过对１９９３年９月－１９７年３月在五道梁所取的观测资料的分析,简述了在青藏高原地区能量收支观测中所取得的新认识和新进展。     

再论全球变网格多层原始方程差分模式的设计

在修正的MM4和一个有限域变网格差分模式的基础上,设计了全球变网格多层原始方程差分模式。可以证明:设计的模式具有质量、能量守恒等整体性质,并具有正确的动、位能转换关系。为了克服高纬地区经线辐合带来的时间步长须取得很小的问题,给出了不进行滤波处理并仍能保持整体性质的解决办法。     

对虾养殖实验围隔中的解氮作用氮输出

解氮作用是指微生物引导的结合态NO₃-转化为N₂O或N₂等一种或两种气体的非同化吸收过程,即NO₃-→、NO₂-→NO→N₂O→N₂[1].该过程是自然界许多水体中结合态NO₃转化为气态N₂的重要形式,结合态NO₃是水体初级生产的限制因素,解氮作用的中间产物N₂O是与大气臭氧层密切相关因子。因此,人们注重解氮作用的研究。     

Seasonal Variations in Nutrient Budgets of Hakata Bay, Japan

Seasonal variations in freshwater, salt, phosphorus and nitrogen budgets of Hakata Bay, Japan were investigated from April 1993 until March 1994. The internal sink of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and nitrogen (DIN), and the internal source of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and nitrogen (DON) predominate in the bay. This means that the production of organic matter is larger than respiration, and atmospheric CO₂ is absorbed in the water column of Hakata Bay. Denitrification is more dominant than nitrogen fixation in the bay. Compared to Tokyo and Mikawa Bays, Hakata Bay is harder to eutrophicate, mainly due to the shorter residence time of freshwater.     

基于遥感图像特征的复杂沟系中泥石流的运动及动力学特征分析

根据卫星遥感图像特征,分析了河北省太行山区复杂沟系泥石流的运动及动力学特征,提出了泥石流在支沟中是匀变速(加速)运动,在主沟中是脉冲式运动。阐述了主沟中的脉冲式运动方式是由泥石流能量(动力)积累与释放交替演变的结果,而能量的积累与释放是由主沟两侧地质环境条件所决定的     

The influence of systematic errors on the asian summer monsoon circulation

1. IntroductionThe Asian summer monsoon circulation is a thermally driven circulation, which arisesprimarily from the temperature differences between the warmer continental areas of theNorthern Hemisphere and the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. The complex feedback between the flow field and the heating, especially through the interaction between thelarge--scale flow and moist convection, is yet to be well understood. Nevertheless, this facetensures the prominence of the summer monsoon ci…     

Energy and pseudomomentum of propagating disturbances on the beta-plane

The far-field amplitude of the waves generated by a steadily propagating radially symmetric disturbance on the beta-plane is calculated using Lighthill's method. From this can be obtained the fluxes of quantities such as wave energy which are radiated away from the disturbance. The radiated wave power is computed for a variety of forms of the disturbance. The rate of change of pseudomomentum in the system is also calculated: the component parallel to the motion of the disturbance is the radiated wave power divided by velocity. Results are compared to previous work and some physical issues are discussed.     

海岸边界层模式中闭合方案的模拟分析

本文建立一个三维非静力边界层模式对杭州湾附近复杂地形域区进行了数值模拟。要用常用的能量闭合和一 新的非局地反梯度闭合方案结合实测资料,以验证不同闭合方案模拟实际大气的能力,进一步分析三维边界层模式的效能结果表明,两种闭合方案都能较好的模拟澳陆环流及温度场,而反梯度闭合比能量闭合更能细致、敏感的模拟湍流场随地形的变化,且模拟结果与实测接近。