利用扫描电镜和能谱技术研究四川会理铂钯矿床中的铂族矿物特征及铂族元素赋存状态

四川会理铂钯矿床是独立的铂族元素矿床,局部地段的铂钯含量已达工业品位,当前迫切需要详细掌握铂族矿物和铂族元素赋存状态。由于原矿铂族元素品位总体较低,采用化学分析方法分析测试只能间接研究铂族元素的赋存状态,所得结论并不全面。本文结合化学分析方法的测试结果,利用扫描电镜及能谱获得了会理铂钯矿床铂族矿物的精细特征。结果表明:该矿床中铂族元素主要是铂和钯;铑、铱、钌、锇含量很低,且未发现这四种元素的独立矿物。铂和钯有单质和与砷、碲、锑、铋形成的化合物;独立铂族矿物有17种,主要是自然铂、砷铂矿、砷钯铂矿或砷铂钯矿、钯铂铜矿或铂钯铜矿,其次可见少量承铂矿及其他铂族矿物。铂族矿物嵌布状态有两种——被包裹和粒间,被包裹占52.39%,粒间占47.62%。绝大多数铂族矿物呈他形粒状,只有少量砷铂矿晶形较好。铂族矿物粒径范围为1.36~32.7μm,大小差异大。有的铂族矿物表面具微孔结构,有的呈葡萄状,有的可见环边现象。接触方式以曲线接触为主,直线接触次之。这些信息为该矿床矿石选冶和铂族资源评价提供了科学依据。     

Advances and Challenges in the Study on the Tropical Rainfall Changes Under Global Warming*

Since tropical rainfall is important in the global energy and hydrologic cycle, the tropical rainfall changes under global warming have attracted extensive attention around the world in recent decades. The advances in the observational studies and model projection for the tropical rainfall changes under global warming were reviewed here. The frontiers in the mechanism of regional tropical rainfall changes and the approaches of rainfall change research are summarized. The large intermodel spread in the multi-model projections, the sources of uncertainty and the methods to reduce the uncertainty were also introduced. Finally, the challenges about the tropical rainfall changes were discussed.     

Physical processes that drive the seasonal evolution of the Southwestern Tropical Atlantic Warm Pool

The thermodynamics of the seasonal evolution of the Southwestern Tropical Atlantic Warm Pool (hereafter SWTAWP), which is delimited by the 28 °C isotherm, is investigated using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). Results indicate that the net heat flux is responsible for the appearance and extinction of the SWTAWP. From March to May, the SWTAWP attains its maximum development and sometimes merges with equatorial warm waters towards the African continent, whose development follows the same period. Along the equator, the combination of oceanic terms (i.e., advection and diffusion) is important to promote the separation – when it occurs – of equatorial warm waters from southwestern tropical waters, which develops off the Brazilian coast. An analysis of the relative contribution of the temperature tendency terms of the mixed layer (ML) heat budget over the appearance, development and extinction of the SWTAWP is also done. The most important term for warming and cooling inside of the ML is the net heat flux at the sea surface. The ML is heated by the atmosphere between October and April, whereas the upper ocean cools down between May and September. The highest heat content values occur during the lower-temperature period (August to October), which is linked to the deepening of the ML during this time period. The horizontal advection along the equator is important, particularly at the eastern domain, which is influenced by the cold tongue. In this area, the vertical diffusive term is also significant; however, it presents values near zero outside the equator. These results contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of the heat budget within the tropical Atlantic, as previous studies over this region focused along the equator only.     

Quantifying a realistic,worldwide wind and solar electricity supply

Nearly all long-term energy projections rely heavily on renewable energy sources on the assumption of abundance. Yet, already today, wind and solar projects can encounter local objections and competition with other uses. This paper presents the ranges of realistic potential supply for solar and wind electricity, using a 1 km² grid level analysis covering the whole world at country level. In addition, the potential for building-based solar electricity is assessed. We find that long-term combined potentials range between 730 and 3700 EJ/a worldwide, depending crucially on the acceptable share of land—up to 3.5% of total (non-ice covered) land on earth. Realistic potentials account for limitations such as land-use competition and acceptance, together with resource quality and remoteness as proxies for cost. Today's electricity demand (65 EJ/a) is well covered by the range, but constraints may occur in the long run locally. Amongst large countries, Nigeria and India may need imports to meet electricity demand.     

Achievability of the Paris Agreement targets in the EU: demand-side reduction potentials in a carbon budget perspective

Limiting global warming to ‘well below’ 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5°C is an integral part of the 2015 Paris Agreement. To achieve these aims, cumulative global carbon emissions after 2016 should not exceed 940 – 390?Gt of CO₂ (for the 2°C target) and 167 – ?48?Gt of CO₂ (for the 1.5°C target) by the end of the century. This paper analyses the EU’s cumulative carbon emissions in different models and scenarios (global models, EU-focused models and national carbon mitigation scenarios). Due to the higher reductions in energy use and carbon intensity of the end-use sectors in the national scenarios, we identify an additional mitigation potential of 26–37 Gt cumulative CO₂ emissions up to 2050 compared to what is currently included in global or EU scenarios. These additional reductions could help to both reduce the need for carbon dioxide removals and bring cumulative emissions in global and EU scenarios in line with a fairness-based domestic EU budget for a 2°C target, while still remaining way above the budget for 1.5°C.

Key policy insights

• Models used for policy advice such as global integrated assessment models or EU models fail to consider certain mitigation potential available at the level of sectors.

• Global and EU models assume significant levels of CO₂ emission reductions from carbon capture and storage to reach the 1.5°C target but also to reach the 2°C target.

• Global and EU model scenarios are not compatible with a fair domestic EU share in the global carbon budget either for 2°C or for 1.5°C.

• Integrating additional sectoral mitigation potential from detailed national models can help bring down cumulative emissions in global and EU models to a level comparable to a fairness-based domestic EU share compatible with the 2°C target, but not the 1.5°C aspiration.

     

Policy goals,partisanship and paradigmatic change in energy policy – analyzing parliamentary discourse in Germany over 30 years

The successful implementation of the Paris Agreement requires substantial energy policy change on the national level. In national energy policy-making, climate change mitigation goals have to be balanced with arguments on other national energy policy goals, namely limiting cost and increasing energy security. Thus far, very little is known about the relative importance of these goals and how they are related to political partisanship. In order to address this gap, we focus on parliamentary discourse around low-carbon energy futures in Germany over the past three decades and analyze the relative importance of, and partisanship around, energy policy goals. We find that the political discourse revolves around four, rather than three, goals as conventionally assumed; improving the competitiveness of the national energy technology industry is not only an additional energy policy goal, it is also highly important in the political discourse. In general, the relative importance of these goals is rather stable over time and partisanship around them is limited. Yet, a sub-analysis of the discourse on renewable energy technologies reveals a high level of partisanship, albeit decreasing over time. Particularly, the energy industry goal’s importance increases while its partisanship vanishes. We discuss how these findings can inform future energy policy research and provide a potential inroad for more ambitious national energy policies.

Key policy insights

• In addition to the three classic goals of energy policy (limiting cost, securing access and reducing the environmental burden) we identify a fourth policy goal: strengthening the national energy technology industry

• Conformity between the three classical energy and the industrial policy goals is a key driver explaining policy change

• For renewable energy technologies, partisanship around this fourth goal is lower than around other goals and decreases over time as innovation allows these technologies to increasingly correspond to policy-makers’ high-level goals

• Extant research underestimates the importance of industry policy goals, but overestimates environmental co-benefits of low-carbon energy options

• Paradigmatic policy change in Germany did not depend on top-down shifts in high-level policy goals but was driven by lower-level technology-specific goals

     

地下资源开采与诱发地震：现状与进展

页岩气、地热等清洁能源正成为全球能源开发日益重要的组成部分,也是我国未来能源产量增长的主体,对保障能源资源安全、支撑双碳目标意义重大。然而随着页岩气、地热等地下工业开采活动规模的不断扩大,由此引发的地震灾害问题正日益受到人们的关注。强化工业活动与诱发地震关系研究、管控相关诱发地震灾害风险成为全球面临的重要课题和挑战。基于此,笔者等调研了工业活动诱发地震的全球典型案例,系统介绍了不同国家(美国、加拿大和韩国)工业活动诱发地震的现状及其差异,并对流体注入诱发地震的主要途径、物理机制、相关作业参数和诱发地震关系等做了全面的综述。发现诱发地震不仅与流体注入参数(体积、速率等)相关,还受控于特定的区域地质背景和断裂条件。合理管控地震灾害风险、促进相关能源的开采,应该统筹开采区地质地球物理的综合调查和开采过程的动态监测。     

消能减震技术在某公共建筑改造加固中的应用

本文以某公共建筑改造工程为背景,针对改造过程中存在的大量梁、柱承载力不足,且主控参数超限等问题,提出了在框架结构中适当位置增设黏滞阻尼器的加固方案,使改造后的结构形成消能减震体系,减小地震作用。采用有限元软件分析了加固方案下结构在多遇和罕遇地震作用下的时程反应,研究了消能减震效果。结果表明,经加固改造后,各主控参数均可满足现行规范要求,大幅度提高了罕遇地震作用下结构抗震性能;通过合理设置黏滞阻尼器,减小了地震作用,大幅度缩小了梁、柱加固范围。     

扫描电镜能谱与冷冻传输装置联用测试矿物中流体包裹体固液相成分的方法研究

研究流体包裹体中子矿物种类、化学成分及分布特征,对于确定热液成分和成矿物理化学条件、流体的演化规律和成矿机制等有非常重要的意义。但目前常用的各种测试研究方法存在测试目的物寻找困难、不透明子矿物难鉴定等局限性。本文采用冷冻传输装置首先将流体包裹体冷冻固定并打开,然后用扫描电镜、能谱仪测试矿物中流体包裹体中的子矿物和液相成分,该方法可解决扫描电镜下流体包裹体研究目标物不易寻找,打开流体包裹体后子矿物易散失和碎屑易混入的问题,可有效测试小颗粒(1~2μm)、不透明子矿物及不透明矿物中的流体包裹体固液相成分。用该方法实测山东邹平王家庄铜矿流体包裹体液相中Na+、K+、Cl-组分的质量分数分别为5.85%、3.60%、16.18%,计算的盐度为35.35%,并确定了其中不透明矿物子矿物为黄铜矿,证明了黄铜矿是从高盐度热液中晶出的结论。本方法为矿物中流体包裹体研究提供了一种新的测试手段。     

基于电感耦合等离子体质谱/光谱技术研究朱溪钨铜矿床原生晕地球化学特征

江西朱溪钨铜矿是近年新发现的具有超大型规模前景的钨铜矿床,本文采集了大量朱溪钨铜矿床样品,用偏振激发能量色散X射线荧光光谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱/光谱等技术分析主量和微量元素含量,根据各元素的含量水平以10种主要成矿元素(W、Sn、Bi、Mo、Pb、Zn、Cu、As、Sb、Ag)作为分析研究区原生晕地球化学特征的指示元素。结果表明,Cu、Zn、Ag、Pb和W、Bi、Sn、Mo的元素共生组合十分明显,同时W与Cu也有相关性,富集W的部位同样也富集了Cu。成矿元素在空间上的分布特征为:1同一剖面上越往北西方向,W为主的高温元素更为富集;平面上越往南西方向,W为主的高温元素更为富集;越往深部,W为主的高温元素更为富集。2Cu为主的中温元素富集深度比W为主的高温元素富集深度浅。研究认为,铜矿富集部位在中、深部(-1400~-1500 m),钨矿富集部位在深部(-1400~-1900 m),Ag、As、Sb等低温元素的富集部位更靠近地表(-1100~-1200 m)。这种剖面线上和平面上的原生晕地球化学特征为该矿床进一步勘探工作与成矿预测提供了理论依据。