A Modelling Study of Flux Imbalance and the Influence of Entrainment in the Convective Boundary Layer

It is frequently observed in field experiments that the eddy covariance heat fluxes are systematically underestimated as compared to the available energy. The flux imbalance problem is investigated using the NCAR’s large-eddy simulation (LES) model imbedded with an online scheme to calculate Reynolds-averaged fluxes. A top–down and a bottom–up tracer are implemented into the LES model to quantify the influence of entrainment and bottom–up diffusion processes on flux imbalance. The results show that the flux imbalance follows a set of universal functions that capture the exponential decreasing dependence on u _*/w _*, where u _* and w _* are friction velocity and the convective velocity scale, respectively, and an elliptic relationship to z/z _i , where z _i is the mixing-layer height. The source location in the boundary layer is an important factor controlling the imbalance magnitude and its horizontal and vertical distributions. The flux imbalance of heat and the bottom–up tracer is tightly related to turbulent coherent structures, whereas for the top–down diffusion, such relations are weak to nonexistent. Our results are broadly consistent with previous studies on the flux imbalance problem, suggesting that the published results are robust and are not artefacts of numerical schemes.     

SAR偏移量跟踪技术估计天山南依内里切克冰川运动

流动性是冰川的一个主要特征,监测其流速变化可以为冰川物质平衡和冰川灾害研究提供重要信息.本文研究利用2007—2008年的7景ALOS/PALSAR影像和偏移量跟踪技术提取亚洲最大的山岳冰川之一——南伊内里切克冰川的运动场.ALOS/PALSAR影像的时间连续性和南伊内里切克冰川的冰碛覆盖为SAR偏移量跟踪技术获取连续的冰川表面流速提供了基础,然而冰川积累区降雪、附加冰带消融、陡坡区域裂缝发育等客观事件的发生对速度的获取仍有局部影响.尽管如此,本文仍得到了整个冰川不同季节的平面运动场,并且在所有6个时间段内观测到的运动场非常吻合.详细地分析揭示南伊内里切克冰川运动具备以下规律:流速由轴部向两侧递减,由源头向下至雪线处运动速度逐渐增加,然后再向末端逐渐递减;流速大小和坡度大小呈非线性正相关,坡度从1°突变至16°时,冰川运动加速会导致裂缝发育;夏季受冰川湖影响,尾部分支流速能激增至96 cm/d;暖季速度会高于寒季5～10 cm/d.该冰川的冰舌主体日平均速度为20～50 cm/d,局部最高速度可以达到65 cm/d.在冰舌上提取了一些样点的速度作统计,结果显示各个时段中所有样点的平均速度最高可达33.3 cm/d,最低可至27.9 cm/d.冰舌部分的速度和2004年的数据相比下降了约5 cm/d.     

晋冀蒙交界地区地震危险性评估及地震活动性分析

本文利用晋冀蒙交界地区1500年以来记录较完整的M_S5.0及以上历史地震烈度资料和2000年以来的地震活动资料，分别进行地震灾害危险性和地震活动性分析。首先，利用ArcGIS将历史地震烈度资料数字化，没有等震线记录的地震用烈度衰减关系计算烈度圈半径。将研究区划分成0.1°×0.1°的网格，将烈度资料分配到与之相交的每个网格，并用烈度-频度关系计算每个网格的烈度a、b值。基于地震发生遵从泊松分布的假定，估算未来50年内晋冀蒙交界区遭受某一地震烈度的超越概率。同时，计算50年超越概率10%对应的地震烈度，计算结果表明张家口蔚县、阳原和山西广灵县周边地区的地震危险性较高。最后，采用中小地震能量密度值计算方法，对2000年以来的现今地震活动进行定量分析，与历史地震烈度资料分析结果进行对比，发现中小地震活动圈定的危险区与历史地震烈度资料评估计算的概率高值区相对应，因此，这两种方法可为晋冀蒙交界地区的地震活动性和危险性评价提供参考。     

Parameter uncertainty of the AWBM model when applied to an ungauged catchment

In this study, a quantitative assessment of uncertainty was made in connection with the calibration of Australian Water Balance Model (AWBM) for both gauged and ungauged catchment cases. For the gauged catchment, five different rainfall data sets, 23 different calibration data lengths and eight different optimization techniques were adopted. For the ungauged catchment case, the optimum parameter sets obtained from the nearest gauged catchment were transposed to the ungauged catchments, and two regional prediction equations were used to estimate runoff. Uncertainties were ascertained by comparing the observed and modelled runoffs by the AWBM on the basis of different combinations of methods, model parameters and input data. The main finding from this study was that the uncertainties in the AWBM modelling outputs could vary from ?1.3% to 70% owing to different input rainfall data, ?5.7% to 11% owing to different calibration data lengths and ?6% to 0.2% owing to different optimization techniques adopted in the calibration of the AWBM. The performance of the AWBM model was found to be dominated mainly by the selection of appropriate rainfall data followed by the selection of an appropriate calibration data length and optimization algorithm. Use of relatively short data length (e.g. 3 to 6 years) in the calibration was found to generate relatively poor results. Effects of different optimization techniques on the calibration were found to be minimal. The uncertainties reported here in relation to the calibration and runoff estimation by the AWBM model are relevant to the selected study catchments, which are likely to differ for other catchments. The methodology presented in this paper can be applied to other catchments in Australia and other countries using AWBM and similar rainfall–runoff models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

半干旱半湿润地区土壤盐分平衡情势评价方法及应用

了解土壤盐分平衡情势对于预警土壤盐渍化和指导农业生态环境调控具有实际意义。从地下水、气候、土壤理化性质和土壤初始盐源状况四方面考虑,构建了半干旱半湿润地区土壤盐分平衡情势的评价指标体系;采用综合指数法,以环渤海低平原区为典型区进行了评价应用。评价结果表明：环渤海低平原区土壤盐分平衡情势“良”级区分布面积占总面积的0.8%,“中”级区26.8%,“差”级区58.9%,“劣”级区13.5%,总体维持土壤盐分平衡的能力较弱。通过效验,评级结果与实际情况基本吻合,证明了评价方法的适用性。     

Groundwater ‐ the disregarded component in lake water and nutrient budgets. Part 1: effects of groundwater on hydrology

Lake eutrophication is a large and growing problem in many parts of the world, commonly due to anthropogenic sources of nutrients. Improved quantification of nutrient inputs is required to address this problem, including better determination of exchanges between groundwater and lakes. This first of a two‐part review provides a brief history of the evolution of the study of groundwater exchange with lakes, followed by a listing of the most commonly used methods for quantifying this exchange. Rates of exchange between lakes and groundwater compiled from the literature are statistically summarized for both exfiltration (flow from groundwater to a lake) and infiltration (flow from a lake to groundwater), including per cent contribution of groundwater to lake‐water budgets. Reported rates of exchange between groundwater and lakes span more than five orders of magnitude. Median exfiltration is 0.74 cm/day, and median infiltration is 0.60 cm/day. Exfiltration ranges from near 0% to 94% of input terms in lake‐water budgets, and infiltration ranges from near 0% to 91% of loss terms. Median values for exfiltration and infiltration as percentages of input and loss terms of lake‐water budgets are 25% and 35%, respectively. Quantification of the groundwater term is somewhat method dependent, indicating that calculating the groundwater component with multiple methods can provide a better understanding of the accuracy of estimates. The importance of exfiltration to a lake budget ranges widely for lakes less than about 100 ha in area but generally decreases with increasing lake area, particularly for lakes that exceed 100 ha in area. No such relation is evident for lakes where infiltration occurs, perhaps because of the smaller sample size. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of incorporating groundwater exchanges in hydrological models

In many catchments, the geographical demarcation does not coincide with the limits of the aquifers, so groundwater may be exchanged beyond their topographic boundaries. By studying groundwater exchanges, the natural resources of a catchment can be better assessed, and the divergences between hydrological models and measurements can be explained. The aim of this work is to reveal the importance of including groundwater exchanges in the hydrological modelling of some catchments, using a water balance model. For this purpose, a simple example is conducted. The so‐called parent model scheme is modified to only allow groundwater exchanges, and it is applied to the headwater of the Segura River Basin District, located in the southeast of Spain. This area is selected because groundwater plays an important role in surface hydrology. The results reveal that groundwater exchanges cannot be neglected in some catchments when assessing water resources because their integration in the hydrological model corrects errors in the water balance. Moreover, this paper proves that water balance models are a useful tool for estimating groundwater exchanges between catchments, which can be contrasted with more complex distributed models or isotopic tracers if there is enough information available. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长江三角洲地区水资源供需平衡的估算模型研究

从地表热量平衡、水量平衡的基本理论出发,结合长江三角洲地区的气象、水文、土壤等资料建立了区域水资源量估算模型,计算了该地区的地表水、地下水及水资源总量;同时建立了用水系统的各个子模型,即根据本区农业生产状况建立了农业耗水的物理模型,由工业和生活用水量的变化,结合地区经济发展、人口增加等情况,建立了工业和生活用水的统计模型。利用实际资料进行了模型检验,对本地区未来水资源供需平衡状况进行了分析和预测。     

偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定硫化物矿石中的铜铅锌

X射线荧光光谱法用于分析矿石主成分的常规制样方法有粉末压片法与玻璃熔融法,但分析硫含量高的地质样品时,前者存在矿物效应和粒度效应问题、后者可能腐蚀贵金属坩埚。为满足矿产勘查的需要,急需一种适应于硫化物矿石主成分分析的制样方法。本文建立了一种硝酸+氢氟酸封闭消解试样,标准溶液校准,偏振能量色散X射线荧光光谱(PE-EDXRF)同时测定硫化物样品中铜、铅、锌三种元素的分析方法。用GBW 07162~GBW 07168等7种矿石国家一级标准物质进行精密度和准确度实验。结果表明,当样品中铜、铅、锌元素含量大于1%时,几乎所有样品中的铜、铅、锌元素的精密度(RSD,n=6)优于5%,检测结果与标准值一致性良好。本方法通过样品消解、直接液体进样等技术的应用,消除了粒度效应和矿物效应等基体效应对分析结果的影响,解决了因缺乏基体匹配的标准物质而造成的含量校准的问题,使PE-EDXRF技术可以在硫化物矿石分析中得到比较方便的应用。这种分析方法为实验室矿石分析提供了新手段,也为野外现场PE-EDXRF分析高矿化度样品提供了新途径。