Mountain effect and differences in storm floods between northern and southern sources of the Songhua River Basin

In this study, the differences in annual rainstorm changes in the Second Songhua River Basin and the Nenjiang River basin and their causes were compared from the perspective of mountain effects. The following results were drawn: (1) Altitude effect is the primary factor leading to increased rainstorms in the southern source; (2) Slope effect primarily leads to differences of the weather systems in the two sources, and thus cause the difference of the rainstorms; (3) Slope effect is responsible for the greater fluctuation in the observed floods in the southern source. These landform differences eventually lead to the differences in the characteristics of floods in the southern and northern sources. Commensurability method was used to identify the period of rainstorms in the southern and northern sources. The results showed that although rainstorms do not appear at the same time in the two sources they are characteristic of a 10 years’ period in both areas. These results can serve as hydrological references for flood control and long-term flood disaster predictions.     

Community characteristics of wild fruit forests along elevation gradients and the relationships between the wild fruit forests and environments in the Keguqin Mountain region of Iii

In this paper,the quantitative relationship between the wild fruit communities and direct environmental factors is discussed on the basis of detailed data on landscape scale habitats obtained through field vegetation investigation.The results from TWINSPAN and DCCA showed that:1) In the distribution sections of the wild fruit forest in the Keguqin Mountain region,the basic patterns characteristic of the different habitats are due to topographic factors,nutrients and moisture conditions;2) The elevation affected the most basic differentiation of plant communities in the study area,indicating that the elevation condition was the most important factor restricting the distribution of the wild fruit communities in the study area;3) The close relationship between the moisture content in the upper soil layer and the elevation reflected the influence of moisture conditions on both wild fruit and herb-layer communities;4) Nutrient differences not only indicated that the habitat conditions were different in themselves but also showed that the present nutrient conditions of the habitats were seriously affected by human activities.In summary,under complicated mountainous topographic conditions,the habitat conditions for the communities differed very significantly,and the combination of elevation,soil moisture content,total nitrogen,slope aspect,and pH value influenced and controlled the formation of community distribution patterns in the study area.     

Thinning and shrinkage of Laohugou No. 12 glacier in the Western Qilian Mountains, China, from 1957 to 2007

Landsat images, real-time kinematic GPS measurements, and topographic maps were used to determine changes in ice elevation, volume, and areal extent of the Laohugou No. 12 glacier (Qilian Mountains, China) between 1957 and 2007. The glacier experienced significant thinning and areal shrinkage in the ablation zone, but slight thickening in part of the accumulation zone. Elevation decreased by 18.6±5.4 m between 1957 and 2007 in the regions covered by the GPS measurements. The total volume loss for the entire glacier was estimated to be 0.218 km3 using a third-order polynomial fit method. The area diminished by 0.28 km2 between 1957 and 1994, 0.26 km2 between 1994 and 2000, and 0.28 km2 between 2000 and 2007, suggesting that the rate of loss in glacial coverage has increased since the mid-1990s. Significant increases in annual mean air temperature may have contributed to shrinkage and thinning of the glacier.     

一种基于MODIS积雪产品的雪线高度提取方法

冰川雪线高度的遥感提取对冰川物质平衡研究具有重要意义。提出一种基于晴空环境下积雪覆盖频率的雪线高度提取方法。使用MOD10A1积雪产品中的像元积雪面积比例数据,提取了2000/2001-2014/2015年间高亚洲地区冰川消融期末雪线高度。使用实测的冰川年物质平衡资料和气象格网数据对提取的雪线高度变化的可信度进行分析。研究表明：近15 a高亚洲雪线高度变化及趋势具有明显的东西差异,雪线高度变化幅度自青藏高原内部地区向四周呈增加趋势,西部大于东部。提取的冰川雪线高度变化与观测的年物质平衡序列具有很高的相关性,对物质平衡波动的平均解释率可高达75%;与气象要素（气温、降水）的年际变化的相关性也较高,约61.58%的格网冰川雪线高度变化可以由夏季气温和季节降水解释。而高亚洲各分区冰川雪线高度的波动规律也与大气环流背景分布一致。因此提取的雪线高度变化具有冰川学意义,可以进一步应用于冰川物质平衡估算及模拟研究中。     

秦岭太白山南麓降水中常量无机离子特征及其来源研究

以2011年11月至2014年9月连续采集的74个有效降水样品为研究载体,运用趋势分析法和相关分析法分析太白山南麓黄柏塬地区降水中常量无机离子（NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Cl^-、F^-）的化学特征,并结合富集因子法、端源贡献法及后向气流轨迹模型探究其来源。结果表明：研究区降水中各离子浓度大小顺序为Ca²⁺ > SO₄^2- > NH₄⁺ > NO₃^- > K⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Cl^- > F^-,主要阳离子是Ca²⁺和NH₄⁺,共占阳离子总量的76.21%,主要阴离子是SO₄^2-和NO₃^-,共占阴离子总量的90.83%。降水总离子年平均浓度为404.64 μeq·L^-1,相对于国内外已研究的其他高山站点偏高,表现出典型的大陆型及人为源干扰的特征。受排放源、气象因子、植被、降水量等因素影响,降水总离子浓度表现出显著的季节差异,依次为冬季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 夏季。源解析结果显示降水中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-95%以上由人为源贡献,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来源于地壳风化,Na⁺海盐源和非海盐源贡献约各占一半,K⁺主要来自于非海盐贡献,而F^-和NH₄⁺则几乎全部由人为源贡献。不同路径气团影响下的降水离子组分具有明显不同,北方气团途径太原、石家庄、北京、兰州等工业发达城市,工业燃煤交通废气排放量大,降水中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-浓度均偏高,离子总浓度也明显高于南方气团。     

北秦岭西段黄牛铺岩体锆石U Pb年代学、岩石地球化学特征及其地质意义

对北秦岭西段黄牛铺岩体进行了LA ICP MS锆石U Pb年代学与岩石地球化学分析。结果显示,黄牛铺岩体的锆石U Pb年龄为(4493±49) Ma,表明其形成时代为晚奥陶世。黄牛铺岩体属于准铝质高钾钙碱性系列,在成因类型上具有I型花岗岩的岩石矿物学与地球化学特征,其稀土元素配分曲线呈轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损(LREE/HREE=983~1155)、铕弱负异常(δEu=082~095)的右倾型,微量元素Rb、Th、U、Sm等富集,Ta、Nb、Ti、Hf等明显亏损,表现为岛弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。结合区域地质资料,认为黄牛铺岩体形成于晚奥陶世商丹洋俯冲过程中的岛弧环境,是壳幔岩浆混合作用的产物,这为进一步研究北秦岭的构造演化过程提供了更加充分准确的岩浆活动证据。     

长白山天池火山的岩石矿物学特征——对结晶分异过程和岩浆混合作用的启示

本文对天池火山玄武岩盾,粗面质-碱流质层状锥体以及顶部的粗面质-碱流质碎屑岩类及熔岩的岩石矿物成分做了系统分析,发现在玄武岩类中的主要矿物组合为斜长石、富钙辉石以及富镁橄榄石,而粗面岩-碱流岩类的主要矿物组合为碱性长石、富铁的辉石及橄榄石,并开始出现石英、独居石以及大量的铁钛氧化物,符合结晶分异的演化趋势。同时在玄武岩类及粗面-碱流岩类中均存在不平衡矿物,再结合矿物环带的成分变化、矿物的熔蚀现象及不同特征的岩石条带等,认为天池火山在黑石沟玄武岩、第一、三造锥阶段粗面岩以及千年大喷发的浮岩中均存在岩浆混合作用。根据岩石学及年代学等特征,认为不同时期的玄武质岩浆来自同一地幔源区,经不同程度的结晶分异作用形成,前造锥阶段及造锥阶段的岩石由不同阶段的玄武岩演化而来,全新世的碱流岩类则由造锥阶段粗面岩类演化而来。     

庐山风景区功能演化的混沌特征及其启示

在构建风景区演化周期、混沌模型的基础上,对庐山风景区功能演化的混沌特征进行了实证研究。庐山风景区主要经历了古代旅游风景名胜区的探索、形成、发展、成熟期和近现代大众旅游的度假、观光、科考旅游地的探索、形成、发展期,其功能演化体现了分形、初始条件与蝴蝶效应、混沌边缘、间歇变换、同步锁模和锁定效应等混沌特征,说明风景区演化是周期和非周期的相对统一。现阶段呈现的旅游消费需求不稳定、景区城市化、行政管理体制不顺、景区发展与社区矛盾等是庐山发展的混沌要素,控制这些混沌要素,有助于促进景区健康发展。     

山地环境系统研究新框架

20世纪80年代,地球系统科学概念开始出现,同时期全球变化研究迅速展开,可持续发展理念提出并获得广泛认同,这些都为山地环境系统研究提供了新的发展契机.当前,全球山地环境系统研究面临两大问题:山地环境变化和山区发展挑战.国际上围绕山地环境系统研究,逐渐形成若干清晰的主题,包括山地构造地貌和山地气候地貌,山地灾害在山地环境演化过程中的作用,山地(及流域)环境系统生物地球化学循环,山地全球变化和人类活动的影响与适应等.对于我国山地研究来说,核心科学问题是:我国山地环境系统是如何响应不同时间尺度全球变化和日益加剧的人类活动的影响?在此背景下如何构筑我国山区可持续发展的根本战略和支撑战略?对此核心问题的全面深入研究,将有望使我国山地环境研究水平提高到一个新的更高层次,并占据国际山地研究领域中不可替代的重要位置.为此,我们提出,以我国山地环境大断面研究为抓手,以梯度格局、系统关联和区域差异等为研究切入点,在山地环境系统的格局、干扰、过程、响应和适应研究等方面有所突破,促成我国山地环境系统研究新框架的形成,为世界山地研究做出我们应有的贡献.     

新疆西天山乌孙山地区石英正长斑岩形成时代及其地质意义

新疆西天山乌孙山地区科库萨依系列石英正长斑岩呈岩瘤状、岩脉状产出,侵入于早石炭世大哈拉军山组地层中。其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为314.4±3.7 Ma（MSWD=0.51）,属石炭世晚期,为本区岩浆活动及构造环境探讨提供年代学依据。