自流井水温固体潮效应及其应变响应能力

井水温度观测是一项重要的地震前兆观测手段,旨在捕捉地震孕育过程中的应力-应变信息。水温固体潮效应作为地壳应力-应变信息的真实反映和地震前兆观测的干扰因素,具有重要的研究意义。本文首先依据对自流井中热状态的分析,认为自流井水温固体潮效应可能主要存在两种机制,即热传导机制和热对流机制;据此,推导出热传导机制中水温与固体潮体应变变化的定量关系;最后以流量相对较大的本溪自流井为例进行分析。结果表明,本溪井水温固体潮效应是热传导机制和热对流机制共同作用的结果,其中,热传导机制起主要作用。     

A new limit equilibrium method for the pseudostatic design of embedded cantilevered retaining walls

This paper describes a new pseudostatic limit equilibrium method for the design of cantilevered retaining walls under seismic actions. The method has been applied in a parametric study of the effects of the geometry of the wall, considering different excavated and embedded depths, of the strength of the soil, and of the contact between the soil and the wall. The pseudostatic predictions are in very good agreement, both in terms of horizontal contact stress and bending moment distributions, with the results of truly dynamic 2-D finite difference analyses and published experimental data. It is found that for increasing strengths of the soil–wall system both the critical acceleration and the maximum bending moment on the wall increase. In other words, a stronger soil–wall system will experience smaller displacements during the earthquake, but this is paid for by increasing internal forces in the wall.     

A simplified model for lateral response of large diameter caisson foundations—Linear elastic formulation

The transient response of large embedded foundation elements of length-to-diameter aspect ratio D/B=2–6 is characterized by a complex stress distribution at the pier–soil interface that cannot be adequately represented by means of existing models for shallow foundations or flexible piles. On the other hand, while three-dimensional (3D) numerical solutions are feasible, they are infrequently employed in practice due to their associated cost and effort. Prompted by the scarcity of simplified models for design in current practice, we here develop an analytical model that accounts for the multitude of soil resistance mechanisms mobilized at their base and circumference, while retaining the advantages of simplified methodologies for the design of non-critical facilities. The characteristics of soil resistance mechanisms and corresponding complex spring functions are developed on the basis of finite element simulations, by equating the stiffness matrix terms and/or overall numerically computed response to the analytical expressions derived by means of the proposed Winkler model. Sensitivity analyses are performed for the optimization of the truncated numerical domain size, the optimal finite element size and the far-field dynamic boundary conditions to avoid spurious wave reflections. Numerical simulations of the transient system response to vertically propagating shear waves are next successfully compared to the analytically predicted response. Finally, the applicability of the method is assessed for soil profiles with depth-varying properties. The formulation of frequency-dependent complex spring functions including material damping is also described, while extension of the methodology to account for nonlinear soil behavior and soil–foundation interface separation is described in the conclusion and is being currently investigated.     

华东登陆台风的对流非对称结构分析

利用FY-2气象卫星的TBB资料对登陆华东地区的台风进行了对流非对称结构的分析。不同象限的对流分析显示,在台风登陆的-24—6 h过程中,其南侧的对流始终强于北侧,西侧的对流在登陆至8 h之前强于东侧,之后两者的对流相对强弱发生变化。台风对流的非对称分布,一部分是由于环境垂直风切变和台风移动造成的,还有一部分是由于台风登陆过程相关象限对流受限引起的。此外,华东沿海的地形抬升作用也有利于台风东侧对流的产生和加强。对比华南登陆台风的非对称对流分布特点,发现导致两者明显不同的原因主要在于台风登陆过程的路径与海岸线的相对夹角,以及台风东侧的不同地形。     

1971—2000年我国东部地区雷暴、冰雹、雷暴大风发生频率的变化

提要：应用1971—2000年华北、华中、华东各省1084个站的地面天气现象观测资料,统计分析了江南（31°N以南）、江淮和黄淮（31°～37°N）及黄河以北（37°N以北）雷暴、冰雹和雷暴大风的年代际变化特征。分析结果表明：雷暴、冰雹、雷暴大风发生频率呈减少趋势。其中江南地区雷暴年代际递减更明显,黄河以北地区冰雹年代际递减最明显,而雷暴大风在三个区域的年代际递减均明显。雷暴大风常与冰雹伴随发生,高原和山地多于平原,高值区位于华北北部和内蒙古中部。对流性天气的减少与水汽和动力条件的减弱有关系。包含热力、动力和水汽条件的综合指数SWEAT无论在空间分布上,还是在30年的演变趋势上,均与对流性天气的分布和演变趋势表现出相似的特征。     

从大洋中脊反思大陆漂移说——兼论地球膨裂说

本文通过讨论地幔对流的可能性以及大洋中脊的运动方式,证明了大陆漂移说对大陆漂移的源动力的解释仍存在漏洞,并提出大陆漂移源动力与地球膨裂的关系。对大陆漂移说具有补充性。     

遥感与电法在青海甘子河断裂对流型地热勘查中的应用

利用遥感解译资料分析研究区域地质构造背景,确定甘子河为地热勘查靶区。首先用可控源音濒大地电磁测深法确定控热构造位置,然后辅以多种电法进行相互验证,查明了隐伏断裂构造带的部位、深度、倾向、倾角等形态特征,有效降低了地热勘探风险,勘查成果显著,对隐伏断裂地热勘查具有重要的指导意义。     

Some remarks on cumulus parameterization

A simple parameterization of cumulonimbus convective heating is presented. The model is primarily based on preserving a moisture budget and on detraining cloud air at levels corresponding to the neutral buoyancy of the air converged at low levels. Results are compared with data from the western Pacific and GATE. Agreement is good. Suggestions are offered for improving the model and extending it to other regions.     

Numerical Modelling of Melting Processes and Induced Diapirism In the Lower Crust

The processes of partial melting and magmatic diapirism within the lower crust are evaluated using a numerical underplating model. Fully molten basalt ( T = 1200°C) is emplaced at the Moho beneath a solid granite ( T = 750°C) in order that a melt front grows into the granite. If diapirism does not occur, this melt front in the granite reaches a minimal depth in the crust before (like in the molten basalt) crystallization takes place. the density contrast between the partially molten granite layer and the overlying solid granite can lead to a Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) which results in diapiric rise of the partially molten granite. Assuming a binary eutectic system for both the granite and the underplating basalt and a temperature- and stress-dependent rheology for the granite, we numerically solve the governing equations and find (a) that diapirism occurs only within a certain but possibly realistic range of parameters, and (b) that if diapirs occur, they do not rise to levels shallower than 15 or perhaps 12km. the growth rate depends on the degree of melting and the thickness of the partially molten layer, as well as the viscosity of the solid and the partially molten granite. From a comparison of the growth rate with the velocity of a Stefan front it is possible to predict whether a melt front will become unstable and result in diapiric ascent or whether a partially molten layer is created, which remains at depth. We carry out such a comparison using our thermodynamically and thermomechanically consistent model of melting and diapirism.