A heat pulse technique for the determination of small‐scale flow directions and flow velocities in the streambed of sand‐bed streams

The hyporheic zone (HZ) has the capability to eliminate and attenuate nutrients and contaminants in riverine systems. Biogeochemical reactions and the potential elimination of contaminants are strongly controlled by the flow paths and dynamics in the HZ. Nevertheless, an easily applicable method for the field determination of flow patterns in the HZ is still lacking. Therefore, a heat pulse technique, which traces the movement of a short heat pulse in the upper part of the HZ and other sand beds, was developed. Five rods are vertically driven into the sediment of the streambed; one rod with a heater as point source located in about 10‐cm sediment depth and four rods with four temperature sensors in 3 cm distance, arranged concentrically with 7 cm diameter around the heating rod. Subsequently, a heat pulse is applied and the resulting breakthrough curves are indicative of flow velocities and flow directions in the streambed. A rough data analysis procedure is also suggested. In addition, laboratory experiments were performed to test the heat pulse technique. These experiments were validated based on coupled numerical modelling of flow and heat transport. First field tests of the method prove that the method is easily applicable under field conditions. These first field tests showed highly complex flow patterns with flow velocities from 1·8 to 4·9 cm min^?1 and flow directions from parallel to surface flow to opposite to surface flow. This suggests the need for a robust method to quantify hyporheic flow patterns in situ. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

崇明异常电磁扰动与台湾7.5 级强震

2002 年3 月31 日14 时52 分在台湾以东海中发生7.5 级强地震, 地震发生前后上海市地震局崇明地震台电磁波仪器记录到了一系列强烈电磁辐射异常信息, 其中震前最早的信息出现在24 天前, 最迟的信息出现在震前5 小时且幅度最大。主震发生前电磁辐射异常信号的振荡幅度随着主震临近而增大, 主震发生后又降了下来。余震期间的电磁辐射异常信息也十分丰富。文中探讨了这些电磁辐射异常信号与强震之间的关系, 结合多种震例的记录认为这类震前电磁辐射异常信号可作为临震前的一种信息。为认识和丰富震前电磁辐射前兆异常的现象与研究增加了新的内容。     

Landscape transformation of an Alpine floodplain influenced by humans: historical analyses from aerial images

Natural floodplains are spatially heterogeneous and dynamic ecosystems but at the same time, a highly endangered landscape feature due to climate change and human impacts such as water storage, flood control and hydropower production. Flow is considered a master variable that shapes channel morphology and the heterogeneity, distribution, and turnover of floodplain habitats. Despite their highly dynamic nature, the relative abundance of different habitat elements (islands, gravel bars) in natural floodplains seems to remain relatively constant over ecological periods and is referred to as the shifting mosaic steady state concept. In this conceptual context, we analysed spatiotemporal changes in relative habitat abundance and channel complexity of an alpine floodplain from its near natural state in 1940 before water abstraction and levee construction until 2007 using historical aerial images. Within the first decades of impairment, the relative abundance of floodplain habitats that depend on flood and flow pulses such as parafluvial channels and islands shifted toward a greater abundance of terrestrial forest and grassland habitats. After 1986, the duration and frequencies of high‐precipitation events (>60 mm 24 h^–1) triggering major, channel‐reworking floods increased substantially and caused a restructuring of the floodplain and decrease in the abundance of more terrestrial habitat types. These results are contrary to expectations of the shifting mosaic steady state concept yet suggest its potential application as an indicator of landscape transformation and human impacts on floodplain ecosystems. Last, the results raise the applied question as to whether an increased frequency of high flow events induced by climate change can contribute to floodplain restoration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A coupled analysis of cavity and pore volume changes for pulse tests conducted in soft clay deposits

This paper presents a new interpretation method for pulse tests, a field permeability test that allows for rapid measurements of hydraulic conductivity k in aquitards. This new method applies to soft clay deposits. To initiate a pulse test, a known volume of water is injected into the sand filter of a monitoring well isolated by a packer. The resulting pressure increase yields an outward movement of the sand filter cavity wall. After presenting the usual interpretation methods and their limits, this paper proposes a new interpretation method based on a coupled analysis of the pressure and displacement fields in the soil using the Biot–Darcy formulation. A series of analytical and numerical non‐dimensional velocity graphs, normalized plots of the mean hydraulic head difference versus its rate of change, are given. For a linear elastic material, these type curves show relatively small variations with the sand filter aspect ratio and the Poisson ratio of the tested clay. The type curves are also found to be independent of the clay compressibility (m_v) and k, an important result. A series of pulse tests conducted in a soft marine clay deposit near Montreal, Canada, are interpreted with the proposed method. The hydraulic conductivity values calculated from these tests are closely correlated with independent estimates obtained using long‐duration variable‐head tests. Compared with previous interpretation methods, the proposed method allows soil volume changes to be reconciled with cavity expansion phenomena and the range of type curves available for the interpretation of test data to be constrained. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱线扫描技术的空间分辨率研究

激光剥蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)作为一项实用的技术被广泛应用于原位微区分析。在学者们更为关注的元素空间分布问题上,LA-ICP-MS线扫描较单点剥蚀具有更大的优势。线扫描过程中元素的空间分辨率是影响分析结果准确程度的因素之一。每个脉冲间的信号如果严重叠加会导致较低的空间分辨率。文章通过LA-ICP-MS的单脉冲剥蚀实验,研究了合成硅酸盐玻璃标准样品CGSG中不同元素的信号时间结构,及其对线扫描的空间分辨率的影响。结果表明,当激光束斑40 μm时,应用LA-ICP-MS进行线扫描测量空间分辨率能够满足线扫描技术分析的需求。     

毫米波测云雷达二次回波的回扩识别和距离旁瓣研究

毫米波测云雷达是一种重要的云遥感探测手段。为了获得大功率探测能力,本文所用云雷达使用了脉冲压缩技术和双脉冲技术,但也因此会出现二次假回波和距离旁瓣假回波。本文研究了假回波对云雨探测的负面影响,分析了产生二次回波的原理,设计了区域回扩法结合余弦相似度计算的二次回波定量识别算法。个例分析表明算法有较好的识别能力。本文还为定性判断距离旁瓣影响提供了一种简便可行的途径。研究结果可用于改善毫米波雷达的资料质量。     

光纤中的非线性效应对高斯光脉冲传输的影响

非线性效应和色散都是影响光脉冲在光纤中传输的重要因素,在反常色散区,色散和非线性效应的相互平衡可实现光孤子传输;在正常色散区,二者的相互作用可用于光脉冲的压缩.因此,两种效应对光脉冲传输的影响一直受到人们的广泛关注.从光脉冲的非线性薛定谔方程出发,在忽略色散的条件下,推导并模拟了自相位调制(SPM)非线性效应下的高斯光脉冲的非线性相移、频率啁啾;数值模拟了SPM下不同最大相移时无啁啾和有正啁啾时高斯光脉冲的频谱.讨论了SPM效应对高斯光脉冲频谱的影响.     

关于■=ε_0■_0成立条件的一般证明

本文将用场的迭加原理、唯一性定理及格林定理等物理数学工具,对场中任意一点电位移矢量与分布相同的自由电荷在真空中激发的场强E_0之间的关系:E=ε_0E_0的成立条件,提供一种严格而简明的证明方法。