Evaluation and mapping of Dead Sea coastal aquifers salinity using Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) resistivity measurements

Evaporite karst has intensively developed recently along the Dead Sea (DS) coastal area in Israel and Jordan. It takes place in very saline groundwater dissolving buried salt layers, causing collapse of the surface. In this paper, groundwater salinity throughout the DS coastal area is investigated using the Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) method. Twenty-eight TEM soundings along the DS coastal area were carried out close to observation boreholes to calibrate resistivity–salinity relationships. Groundwater electrical conductivity was measured in these boreholes, and its salinity was analyzed at the laboratory by the Geological Survey of Israel (GSI). Quantitative relationships between bulk resistivity (ρ_x), water resistivity (ρ_w) and chloride concentration (C_cl) were derived in the resistivity range less than 1.0 Ω·m that enabled to evaluate the salinity of the aquifer in in situ conditions. Average values of the effective porosity of sandy sediments, φ_e = 0.32, and of silty ones, φ_e = 0.44, were used to generate the corresponding Archie equations. The study has shown that a DS aquifer with bulk resistivity in the range of 0.55–1.0 Ω·m contains in pores brine with 50–110 g_chloride/l of (22–50% of that in saturated conditions, respectively), i.e. it keeps the potential to dissolve up to 114–174 g/l of salt.     

青岛震群体波衰减特性研究

随着观测能力的提高和观测手段的改善,反映地球介质特性Q值的研究不断深化和发展。利用山东数字测震台网记录的数字地震波资料,采用时间域P波脉冲宽度法对2003年和2004年青岛震群进行Q值计算,对初动半周期的两种不同获取方法进行了比较,总结了P波脉冲宽度法的适用条件及计算效果,得到青岛地区和胶东地区的Q值。     

小尺度原位瞬态压力脉冲渗透性测试系统及试验研究

基于原位瞬态压力脉冲法原理及求解方法,研发了由数据采集控制系统、脉冲压力施加系统、测杆系统3部分组成的小尺度原位瞬态压力脉冲渗透性测试系统（已获国家发明专利[1]）。该系统结构简单、易于控制、使用方便,可用于快速原位测量核废料地下处置、能源地下储存和深埋等地下工程中低渗透围岩的渗透率以及测试空间狭窄和岩体扰动要求严格的其他工程岩体渗透率。利用该系统实施了原位瞬态压力脉冲渗透率测量试验,试验结果验证了该系统的适用性、稳定性和准确性。     

基于驱动脉冲延迟的线阵CCD亚像素测量系统

通过CPLD设计间隔精准延迟的驱动脉冲,将线阵CCD空间信息转换为在一个脉冲单元内变化的时间信息,并通过高精度步进电机位移平台进行了检测,实验证明该方法可以有效地突破线阵CCD像元精度限制,实现亚像素测量。     

电磁勘探数据粗大误差处理的一种新方法

由于存在各种地电干扰,电磁法勘探采集到的原始电场数据中往往包含粗大误差.电磁法勘探中信号量的测量与传统的精密测量在误差来源与特点、测量值分布等方面均存在较大差异.经试验,对电磁勘探采集到的原始电场数据采用传统的莱伊达、格拉布斯、狄克逊等准则进行粗大误差的自动判别和剔除,处理效果不好;采用Robust估计和中值滤波方法,也不能达到满意的效果;采用手工方式挑拣剔除粗大误差,处理效率太低,均不能满足电磁勘探数据预处理的要求.作者提出了一种自适应双向均方差阈值法实现电磁勘探数据粗大误差的自动判别和剔除,此方法对采集到的原始电场数据样本进行排序后,采用迭代或递归的方式,每次均以中点为界分别计算前后两部分数据的均方差,将较大的一个与预先设置的均方差阈值进行比较,若其大于阈值,则判断粗大误差存在于相应的一端,进而剔除相应端端点位置的数据点;若前后均方差值都小于阈值或样本数量小于3个时算法结束.此方法具有自适应优化、阈值参数化控制、适应小样本数据以及计算简单效率高等特点.大量实验结果表明:在选取均方差阈值在30至90范围内时(经验值),能够有效地剔除电磁勘探原始电场数据中的粗大误差,保留最可信数据.目前已在多个实际勘探生产项目中应用此方法处理粗大误差,取得了令人满意的处理效果.     

Residual displacements of RC structures as SDOF systems

Residual displacements are sensitive to ground motion details, hence more random than peak inelastic displacements. Among the factors with systematic impact on residual displacements, the post‐yield‐stiffness‐ratio has been studied thoroughly; its effects are not investigated further. Concerning another important factor, the hysteresis law, past studies have focused on the bilinear model, which does not represent concrete structures. Residual displacements from nonlinear response‐history analyses of bilinear systems are compared to those from models tuned to concrete structures, conforming to modern codes, deficient or intermediate. Deficient‐type structures, with their narrow, almost self‐centering hysteresis loops, develop markedly smaller residual displacements than those with stable energy‐dissipating behavior. A velocity pulse in the motion increases peak inelastic and residual displacements by about the same proportion. As a fraction of the peak inelastic or spectral displacement, residual displacements are on average almost independent of the period and increase when the lateral strength ratio increases, reaching a limit at a lateral strength ratio of 2 to 5. Peak inelastic displacements are a better basis for estimation of residual displacements than spectral ones: the ratio of the two is almost independent of the period, the lateral strength ratio (beyond values of 2 to 3) and velocity pulses. The spectrum of the ratio of residual displacement to peak inelastic or spectral displacement is considered as a random process of period; its mean and variance functions, marginal probability distributions and autocorrelation functions are given in terms of the lateral strength ratio, the hysteresis model and the presence of a velocity pulse. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用周期振荡法测试超低渗储层的渗透率

渗透率是储层最重要的物性参数,也是油气开发的基础。随着页岩气、致密砂岩油气等非常规油气的开发,迫切需要开展超低渗透率（<0.1×10-3 μm2）测试,对测试方法和仪器都提出了挑战,是非常规油气开发研究的难点。目前我国石油工业中主要采用稳态法和脉冲衰减法进行超低渗透率测试,在测试精度、稳定性和测试周期方面还存在不足,探索高精度超低渗透率的方法十分重要。分析了室内渗透率测量的稳态法、脉冲衰减法和周期振荡法3种方法原理,在三轴应力下进行了岩石超低渗透率对比测量。结果表明,相比稳态法和脉冲衰减法,周期振荡法具有稳定性好、精度高、用时短的优点,建议引入非常规超低渗透储层渗透率测试。对周期振荡法的设备要求和数据处理方法进行了讨论,提出采用快速富里叶变换（FFT）、互谱法等信号处理方法提高数据信噪比,提高超低渗透率的测试精度和稳定性。     

电离层-空气层-地球介质耦合下大尺度大功率可控源电磁波响应特征研究

电离层-空气层-地球介质（我们称为“地-电离层”模式）耦合下大功率可控源电磁波的研究在国内外较少.近年来,有学者做了相关的数值模拟,但没有考虑空气中位移电流的影响.我们根据研究对象和问题建立地质模型和相应的数学模型,采用R函数法进行“地-电离层”模式水平电缆接地偶极源的电磁波场强公式推导,同时考虑电离层和空气中位移电流的影响.在验证方法可靠的前提下,进行了数值计算.探讨了“地-电离层”模式大功率可控源电磁波的响应特征.数值计算结果表明,由于电离层和空气层中位移电流的影响,“地-电离层”模式大功率可控源电磁波的特征与地球半空间可控源电磁波的特征有很大的不同,体现在前者除了有近场、远场外,还存在由于电离层影响下场强衰减变小的波导场.并随着收发距增大和频率的增高,出现了电场和磁场方向图的变化.     

地磁数据分析的一些思考

通过若干实例,本文讨论了地磁数据分析中的一些方法.这些方法包括时间序列的多项式拟合,相关性分析,频谱分析和小波分析等.在Matlab和AutoSignal软件下实现了以上方法,并基于这些方法研究了地磁场形态和地磁现象的频谱特征.我们分析了Surlari观测台（余纬45.3°,经度26.3°）的地磁时间序列,并与Ottawa（余纬44.6°,〖JP2〗经度284.5°）,Canberra（余纬125.3°,经度149.3°）, Kakioka（余纬53.8°,经度140.2°）,Vernadsky〖JP〗（余纬155.3°,经度295.7°）等台站的结果进行了对比分析,讨论了Fourier变换时间窗和小波基函数选取的影响,有限长时间序列引起的边缘效应,以及小波尺度和Fourier频率的关系等问题.我们采用谱分析和小波分析处理了2007年两个台站的地磁数据,研究了地磁场形态和地磁现象的频谱特征,并讨论了Fourier变换和小波变换的优缺点.     

A method for computing interstory drift spectra with consideration of gravity effects

Vertical loads such as gravity may have an important influence on the seismic response of buildings. In this paper, the continuous shear-beam model is extended to study the seismic demand of shear buildings with consideration of the gravity load effect under near-field ground motions. An analytical solution of the free motion equation of as gravity shear beam model is provided in terms of a Bessel series. A method for computing interstory drift spectra is proposed. The interstory drift spectra for two near-field records with distinct pulses are presented to illustrate the effects of gravity and the damping ratio. The interstory drift spectra are also used to analyze the spectral characteristics of near fault ground motion during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The effects of the gravity load ratio, damping ratio and higher modes are investigated and discussed.