南半球热带外气候变量与两种ENSO的联系

This study uses the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR) to investigate the responses of the Southern Hemisphere(SH) extratropical climate to two types of El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)—the eastern Pacific(EP) type and the central Pacific(CP) type in different seasons. The responses are denoted by the anomalies of climate variables associated with one-standard-deviation increase in the Ni?o3 or Ni?o4 index. The results show that in austral spring the differences in the ENSO-related anomaly(ERA) patterns of atmospheric circulation between the EP ENSO period(1979–1998) and CP ENSO period(1999–2010) are mainly associated with the change in the ENSO-PSA2 relationship. Such differences affect the ERA fields of surface air temperature and mixed layer temperature, and finally result in significant differences in sea-ice concentration anomalies in the Atlantic sector. In austral summer, significant correlation exists between the variations of SAM and both of the variations of Ni?o3 and Ni?o4 in 1979–1998, while the correlation between SAM and Ni?o4 disappears in 1999–2010. For all seasons, the strength of the climate ERAs depend on if there are close relationship between ENSO and the major climate variation modes of the SH extratropics. For the climate variables, the ERA patterns of surface air temperature are generally controlled by surface wind anomalies and mirrored by the mixed layer temperature anomalies. The mixed layer depth anomalies are primarily modulated by surface heat flux anomalies and occasionally by anomalous wind. There are strikingly strong anomalies of surface heat flux in the autumn of 1979–1998 related to the Ni?o3 variation, the period when there is only significant correlation between ENSO and PSA2. There are no evidence that the SH extratropical climate variability induced by Ni?o3 variations are stronger in the EP-ENSO period, and that variability induced by Ni?o4 variations are stronger in the CP-ENSO period.     

南海海平面对两类El Ni?o的不同响应

利用ECMWF ORAS4重构数据,分析了南海海平面异常(SLA)对东部型(EP)El Ni?o和中部型(CP)El Ni?o的不同响应特征。南海SLA在两类El Ni?o期间表现出不同的时空演变规律。对于东部型El Ni?o,南海空间平均的SLA在发展年的秋、冬季显著下降,最低可达-2 cm,并在次年开始上升,至次年冬季可达2 cm。空间分布上,在发展年秋、冬季,除越南东南部海域存在一个正异常中心外,在南海绝大部分海域,SLA均表现为显著的负异常;从次年春季开始,SLA负异常减弱,而越南东南部的正异常开始发展,直至冬季南海大部分海域以正异常为主。对于中部型El Ni?o,南海SLA在整个El Ni?o发展和衰退期间均表现为显著负异常,异常值始终维持在-2 cm左右,并且在空间上表现为全海盆一致的负异常模态。相比于传统的经验正交分解(EOF),季节EOF(S-EOF)能够更好地刻画南海SLA在两类El Ni?o期间的时空演变特征,S-EOF的第一模态表现为中部型El Ni?o模态,而第二模态更多地表现为南海SLA在东部型El Ni?o期间的演变特征。南海海平面在两类El Ni?o期间的...     

赤道太平洋-印度洋海洋上层海温分析

用来自美国Scripps海洋研究所的海温再分析资料,通过对1955-2001年赤道印度洋和太平洋上层0-400m的海温月平均距平分析,讨论了该两大洋海温之间的联系,得到了一些有意义的结果.赤道印度洋和太平洋虽然有马来半岛、苏门答腊岛、爪哇岛等岛屿阻隔,但海洋上层海温距平在东西方向上的分布是连续的,基本呈正负正或者负正负的分布格局,这3大冷暖中心分别位于赤道中印度洋、赤道东印度洋-西太平洋和赤道中东太平洋,正负区域的交界处分别位于印度洋80°E和太平洋160°-135°W附近,正好对应于赤道印度洋和太平洋温跃层深度的不连续处,在该不连续处赤道印度洋的温跃层深度变化大于太平洋的温跃层深度变化.在赤道印度洋和太平洋的3大冷暖中心中,赤道东印度洋-西太平洋的冷暖中心是一个系统,在太平洋它的移动路径是由赤道西太平洋出发,沿着赤道向东,到赤道东太平洋转向北,到10°N再转向西,到赤道西太平洋再转向南回到赤道西太平洋,组成一个逆时针回路;而在印度洋则是由赤道东印度洋出发,向赤道西北印度洋移动,和赤道中南印度洋组成一个逆时针回路;而且这2个移动回路是同时存在的,由赤道东印度洋和西太平洋开始分别同时完成冷暖中心交替的时间大约是10个月.     

国家气候中心全球海洋资料四维同化系统在热带太平洋的结果初步分析

介绍了国家气候中心(NCC)“全球海洋资料四维同化系统”(简称NCC-GODAS).该系统包含观测资料预处理系统、插值分析系统和所应用的动力模式.插值分析系统采用四维同化技术方案,在时间上设置一个4周的窗口,将此窗口之内的观测资料以一定的权重插入插值分析系统,在空间上采用三维变分方案.海洋动力模式为“九五”期间LASG研制的L30T63OGCM 1 0版本.文中考察了该系统从1982年到2003年3月在热带太平洋的部分同化分析结果,并与NCEP的再分析资料和EMC/NCEP的太平洋区域海洋资料同化系统的结果进行了对比分析.结果显示,该系统的同化结果(如SST,SSTA,Nino指数,次表层海温变化等)与NCEP的同期同化结果具有很好的一致性.同时,该系统得出的海洋同化资料气候场与海洋模式气候场相比,有显著的改进.表明该系统具有较好的同化能力,其同化结果可为海-气耦合模式进行季节和跨季节的气候预测业务提供可信的海洋初始场资料,同时还可以为相关研究提供海洋分析场.     

厄尔尼诺现象及预测现状

厄尔尼诺现象是目前发现的最明显气候异常信号.本文简短地介绍了厄尔尼诺的研究和预测现状,指出厄尔尼诺的预测水平还很低,其主要因素是一、没有建立起全球立体的厄尔尼诺监测网;二、研究局限于热带太平洋或热带印度洋-太平洋;三、缺乏多尺度相互作用的深入研究.另外,本文描述了厄尔尼诺发生前热带太平洋大气-海洋环流异常的几个特征.     

岩性和种植年限对火龙果地土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征的影响

以石漠化问题突出区域——广西平果县太平镇耶圩火龙果种植园不同岩性背景(白云岩、碎屑岩)和不同种植年限(1、3、5a)土壤为研究对象,采用相关性分析和冗余分析方法探讨了不同岩性背景和火龙果种植年限下土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征及其影响因素。结果表明：①白云岩区土壤全磷含量显著高于碎屑岩区,而土壤有机碳含量、生态化学计量比(C/N、C/P和N/P)显著低于碎屑岩区;且白云岩和碎屑岩背景下的生态化学计量比(5. 96、11. 78、1. 96和8. 71、19. 78、2. 28)均远低于全国水平。②随着火龙果种植年限的增加,土壤有机碳、全氮含量和C/N、C/P、N/P呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,而土壤有效氮、全磷和有效磷含量无显著变化规律。随着土层深度增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮含量和C/N、C/P、N/P均增加,而土壤全磷含量无明显变化规律。③土壤C/N和C/P与有机碳、有效氮均呈显著正相关(P<0. 01),而与土壤水分、容重呈显著负相关,土壤N/P与全磷呈显著负相关。④冗余分析表明不同岩性背景和火龙果种植年限下土壤有效氮含量是土壤碳、氮、磷及其生态化学计量比的重要影响因子,且呈显著正相关关系(P<0. 01)。白云岩背景下火龙果的生长受到氮元素的影响更大,长期火龙果种植有利于碳、氮元素固存,土壤有效氮含量是影响土壤碳、氮、磷及其生态化学计量比的关键因子。     

Zoophycos and related trace fossils from the Chefar El Ahmar Formation,Upper Emsian-Frasnian Ia-Ib (Ougarta,SW Algeria)

The Upper Emsian to Frasnian Ia-Ib strata of the Marhouma area (or “km 30” outcrop), exposed in the Ougarta Range (SW Algeria) belong to the Chefar El Ahmar Formation. On the basis of distinct lithological and palaeontological features, this formation is subdivided into three members (Lower Marly Limestones Member, Middle Marly Limestones Member, and Upper Marly Limestones Member). The studied beds show low to moderate diversity of trace fossil assemblage which contains thirteen ichnotaxa: Chondrites intricatus, Chondrites isp., Chondrites cf. targionii, Circulichnis cf. montanus, Cochlichnus isp., Neonereites biserialis, Neonereites multiserialis, Nereites isp., Palaeophycus isp., Planolites isp., Thalassinoides isp., Zoophycos aff. cauda-galli, and Zoophycos isp. A. The two latter ichnotaxa are the most common trace fossils in the assemblage and occur at three different levels showing different bioturbation intensities. The first Zoophycos-bearing level (Zl 1) is characterised by an overall high bioturbation intensity reflecting a very high oxygenation rate and nutrient supply, allowing the development of large and dense Zoophycos specimens. The second Zoophycos-bearing level (Zl 2) has a considerable reduction of bioturbation intensity as compared to the previous level, with an abundance of Chondrites, which is probably due to radical palaeoecological changes that suggests dysoxic and stressful conditions. The third Zoophycos-bearing level (Zl 3) is characterised by an overall moderate bioturbation intensity. The distribution of trace fossils was influenced by lithology, sedimentation rate, energy level (storm events), bottom oxygenation, and nutrient supply. The lithofacies and trace fossils of the Chefar El Ahmar Formation both indicate a depositional environment fluctuating from the lower shoreface to lower offshore zone.     

The El Cielo Biosphere Reserve: Forest Cover Changes and Conservation Attitudes in an Important Neotropical Region

This article combines approaches to better understand both forest cover changes and attitudes toward environmental conservation in the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve in northeastern Mexico. Satellite images are used to document the extent and response of forest cover in the reserve before and after its designation as a biosphere reserve. Ethnographic interviews are also employed to examine the attitudes of local people toward the costs and benefits of the biosphere reserve in their lives. Our research found that unlike many “paper parks,” large-scale deforestation has stopped and forest cover has expanded after the biosphere reserve was created. Our research also found that local people value both tangible and intangible benefits created by the biosphere reserve.     

热带太平洋海表二氧化碳分压的时空变化特征及其与物理场间的联系

为研究赤道太平洋海表二氧化碳分压(pCO₂^sw)年际变化的机制,基于中科院海洋所宋金明研究团队于2021年发布的中国首套全球海表二氧化碳分压数据产品,使用相关性分析、经验正交函数(empirical orthogonal function, EOF)分析和奇异值分解(singular value decomposition, SVD)等方法,研究了2005～2019年赤道太平洋pCO₂^sw气候态分布及其去趋势后的年际异常的时空演变特征;结合pCO₂^sw与多种参数的相关性和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)过程探讨了赤道中西太平洋pCO₂^sw年际异常中心形成的原因。研究结果显示,热带太平洋pCO₂^sw季节变化、年际异常及其EOF第一模态特征向量沿赤道均出现两个中心,其中一个在赤道中西太平洋日界线附近,另一个在赤道中东...