The Relationship between El Niño and the Duration and Frequency of the Santa Ana Winds of Southern California

This study examines the variability of the duration and frequency of Santa Ana winds due to El Niño over a thirty‐three‐year period. Daily Weather Maps and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis were used to study large‐scale upper‐level and surface circulation patterns during wind events. A Student's t‐test was used to determine statistically significant changes in the winds during March of El Niño winters. A significant decrease in the duration and frequency of wind events was found in March during El Niño. This can be attributed to the decrease in strength and frequency of the Great Basin high pressure and the increase in wintertime cyclones in southern California.     

Erosion and accretion rates and their associated sediment characters along Ras El Bar coast,northeast Nile Delta,Egypt

Beach profile data, covering the coast of Ras El Bar, northeast Nile Delta, collected during the years from 1990 to 2002 combined with landsat images for the area and sedimentological investigation have been used to identify beach and nearshore seafloor sediment changes. Along the coast of Ras El Bar, two accretion sectors and one of erosion have been recognized. The first accretion sector is located west of Damietta harbour, where the harbour jetties have halted the littoral transport, while the second one is behind a system of detached breakwaters protecting Ras El Bar resort. Both the two sectors are characterized by growing shoreline with maximum rates ∼15 and 10 m/year, respectively. Also, they have maximum nearshore seafloor accretion rates of ∼18 and 22 cm/year, respectively. The erosion sector is located east of Damietta port and has a maximum rate of shoreline retreat ∼−10 m/year. Erosion of its nearshore seafloor is indicated recording a maximum rate of ∼−20 cm/year. The rate of net sediment volume change in the area indicates shifting of the accretion sector (II) westward, responding to installation of the new breakwaters unit. The two accretion sectors are characterized by dominance of moderately sorted fine sands in their shore area which change seaward into less sorting very fine sands. Beach sands of the eroded sector are poorly sorted medium grain size. The dominant constituents of heavy mineral species in beach and sea-bottom sands are the characteristic assemblages of the Nile deposits. The sands of the eroded zone are relatively enriched in monazite, zircon, tourmaline, garnet, and rutile.     

VARIATIONS OF 30—60 DAY OSCILLATION IN ATMOSPHERE BEFORE AND DURING 1982 EL NINO

By using the upper-wind data from July 1980 to June 1983,the variations of the low-frequency oscillation(LFO)in the atmosphere before and during 1982 El Nino have been investigated.Before the El Nino,the LFOpropagates from west to east over the equator of the Eastern Hemisphere and from east to west over 20°N.The eastward propagating LFO over the equator consists of zonal wavenumber 1 propagating eastward andzonal wavenumber 2 with a character of stationary wave.The oscillation of zonal wavenumber 2 can modulatethe oscillation strength.After the onset of the El Nino,the propagating directions of the LFO over the equatorand 20°N of the Eastern Hemisphere change to be westward and eastward,respectively.The LFO over thewestern Pacific weakens rapidly and one coming from middle and high latitudes propagates to the equator.From the phase compositions of streamline fields for the zonal wavenumber 1 of equatorial westward propa-gatirg LFO,it is found that the atmospheric heat source in the equator of the eastern Pacific(EEP)excites aseries of the equatorial cyclones and anticyclones which move northward and westward and form the westwardpropagating LFO over the equator.With the wavelength of 20000km,this kind of equatorial wave is similarto the mixing Rossby-gravity wave.In its westward and northward movement,the circulation in East Asiais modified.This may be the mechanism of the influence of El Nino on the climate of China.     

IAP/LASG海洋环流模式对风应力的响应

为了检验第三代IAP/LASG全球海洋环流模式在模拟20世纪80年代热带太平洋年际变化方面特别是ElNino和LaNina事件的能力,作者使用了三种风应力资料强迫该模式.然后,将模拟的海温同NCEP海洋同化资料相比较.分析表明,在赤道附近,模式对风应力的响应在SST分布、温跃层的描绘以及突出E1Nino和LaNina事件方面同NCEP海洋同化资料有许多共同点.然而,在描绘l0°N以北和l0°S以南的SST异常以及描写季节循环方面,响应是不够精确的.另外,模拟的温度异常滞后于NCEP海洋同化数据两个月左右.     

El Nino演变不同阶段东亚大气环流年际异常型的数值模拟

给定1948～1999年逐月变化的全球观测的海表温度分布，使用全球大气环流模式（CCM3/NCAR）模拟了大气对海表温度变化的响应，利用SVD和合成检验方法，分析了El Nino发展阶段夏季、成熟阶段冬季以及衰亡阶段夏季东亚大气环流的年际异常型.结果表明：El Nino发展阶段夏季，中国东北、朝鲜半岛以及日本海附近为高度负异常中心，西太平洋副高偏弱、偏东，东亚夏季风增强；El Nino成熟阶段冬季，东亚大槽加强，东亚北部冬季风加强；El Nino衰亡阶段夏季，西太平洋副高偏强、偏南、西伸，东亚夏季风减弱；El Nino事件在其衰亡阶段夏季与东亚大气环流异常的关系最紧密，其次是成熟阶段冬季，最后是发展阶段夏季.模拟的El Nino演变不同阶段东亚大气环流年际异常型易于解释以往研究中观测分析揭示的由El Nino造成的我国东部气温和降水异常型.     

东北和华北东部气温异常特征及其成因的初步分析

采用REOF，SVD分析方法，首先指出东北和华北东部气温异常是全国气温异常的第一主分量，进而分析其异常特征及成因。结果表明：全区年、季气温均呈上升趋势，其中冬季增温最大，极端低温较极端高温升高明显。近百年来，全区增温幅度明显高于20世纪全球平均增暖水平。冬季，对流层中、低层上，当纬向西风偏强时，东北和华北东部易高温；而当经向风强盛时，易低温。夏季，气温异常与东北冷涡活动有关；1980年代以来气温显著变暖与对流层中、低层气压场的年代际突变有关。冬夏季气温与东亚冬夏季风、Nino3区海温的关系并不显著，但在1990年代以前，东北夏季低温与El Nino的对应关系较好。     

北江天然径流量的变化特征及其影响因素

分析了最近45年来北江天然径流量的变化特征，并对其影响因素进行了分析，结果表明：北江天然年径流量具有阶段性特征，1984年后，发生明显变化，持续丰水和持续枯水时段开始变长，年际变化存在21年和11年的周期；锋面低槽形成大暴雨是北江主汛期径流量迅速增加的主要原因；大罗山、石坑崆是北江的两级迎水坡，其形成的多雨中心圈是北江径流量补充的主要来源；厄尔尼诺现象出现的次年北江年径流量普遍增大，拉尼娜现象出现的当年北江径流量普遍增大；太阳黑子的急剧变化，改变了地球的热力系统，对大气环流产生影响，这是太阳黑子影响流域径流量的一个主要原因。     

青藏高原东北侧汛期降水若干问题研究

利用青藏高原东北侧区域平均降水量资料（1958～1997年）和同期NCEP/NCAR再分析500hPa网格资料（2.5°×2.5°?）,分析发现:（1）高原东北侧汛期降水份额最大的7、8、9月3个月近40年降水明显减少,过去明显存在的准3年周期振荡80年代以来处于低潮;（2）日本-北太平洋附近位势高度降低,鄂霍茨克海阻高加强是高原东北侧7、8、9月干旱最典型的标志;（3）就干旱流型而言,7月干旱环流与江淮梅雨环流特征十分相似,表现在江淮多梅雨年,一般是高原东北侧重旱年;（4）高原东北侧7～9月的典型旱年流型,实际就是ElNi?o流型;（5）ElNi?o事件对高原东北侧降水有明显影响,表现在该区域典型少雨年,一般发生于ElNi?o事件当年。从阶段看,以7～9月降水总量与ElNi?o事件相关最为显著,从月际看,尤以9月关系最好。     

海气陆相互作用的准四年振荡机制

目前有关Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ（Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ）形成机制的讨论,大多是强调海气的相互作用。实际上地气互作用过程中形成的异常气流对于Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ／Ｌａ Ｎｉｎａ的形成也是必不可少的,海气和地气相互作用过程应该是耦合的,不应该加以分离。本文综合了近年来我们得到的有关研究结果,提出了一个海气陆相互作用过程的准四年振荡过程,用来解释Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎａ形成机制和亚洲大陆气候年际变化机制。     

长江中游1998年特大洪涝成因分析

应用 １００ｈＰａ、５００ｈＰａ月平均高度资料、海温、射出长波辐射（ＯＬＲ）及武汉的气温 和降水资料,对１９９８年长江中游特大洪涝的成因作了总结分析．结果表明,冬春厄尔尼诺、副 热带高压和从春到初夏期间,印度洋－西太平洋赤道辐合带（ＩＴＣＺ）南侧积云对流的异常较 强,以及冬季雨雪异常偏多等气候特点,是有利于洪涝发生的强信号．