Effects of soil–structure interaction on the dynamic properties and seismic response of piled structures

This paper presents a simple and stable procedure for the estimation of periods and dampings of piled shear buildings taking soil–structure interaction into account. A substructuring methodology that includes the three-dimensional character of the foundations is used. The structure is analyzed as founded on an elastic homogeneous half-space and excited by vertically incident S waves. The strategies proposed in the literature to estimate the period and damping are revised, and a modified strategy is proposed including crossed impedances and all damping terms. Ready-to-use graphs are presented for the estimation of flexible-base period and damping in terms of their fixed-base values and the system configuration. Maximum shear forces together with base displacement and rocking peak response are also provided. It is shown that cross-coupled impedances and kinematic interaction factors need to be taken into account to obtain accurate results for piled buildings.     

青藏高原东北部岩石圈有效弹性厚度及其各向异性

青藏高原东北部是中国大陆构造环境特殊的主要构造域,毗邻青藏高原羌塘地块、塔里木盆地、四川盆地和华北克拉通,属于不同构造类型块体俯冲、碰撞及陆内汇聚的结合部,在中国大陆形成与演化的历史中扮演着重要角色.岩石圈有效弹性厚度(T_e)及其各向异性与岩石圈流变性、力学结构紧密相连,研究青藏高原东北部的岩石圈T_e及其各向异性将为我们认识大陆岩石圈的流变性及动力学过程提供重要信息.本文基于Fan小波相关性分析法,运用布格重力和地形资料获得了青藏高原东北部岩石圈T_e及其各向异性二维分布的详细信息.研究结果表明研究区域内T_e的分布范围在5～100 km之间;松潘-甘孜地块、祁连山造山带和龙门山地区的T_e较薄(5 kme<40 km)、各向异性较强;而周缘的断裂带、缝合带的T_e值都较低,其中龙门山断裂带T_e只有5～20 km,且南、北两段各向异性存在明显差异.内部的若尔盖盆地T_e值略显高值,说明其是仍保留有刚性的块体;北缘的柴达木盆地下伏为古生代的地壳,被认为是古老的克拉通碎片,T_e较大(50 kme<90 km),显示为轮廓分明的刚性块体.并且我们发现研究区域内T_e的各向异性轴垂直于大的块体边界.通过比较T_e各向异性与SKS波的快波偏振方向、Rayleigh面波方位角各向异性的相互关系我们推测阿拉善地块各向异性源自地幔橄榄岩晶格的优势取向,岩石圈变形趋于垂直连贯变形模式;柴达木盆地各向异性源于历史构造事件残留在岩石圈中的"化石"各向异性;松潘-甘孜地块各向异性源自物质的侧向流动.     

Mapping efficiency and information content

This paper proposes two compound measures of mapping quality to support objective comparison of spatial prediction techniques for geostatistical mapping: (1) mapping efficiency – defined as the costs per area per amount of variation explained by the model, and (2) information production efficiency – defined as the cost per byte of effective information produced. These were inspired by concepts of complexity from mathematics and physics. Complexity i.e. the total effective information is defined as bytes remaining after compression and after rounding up the numbers using half the mapping accuracy (effective precision). It is postulated that the mapping efficiency, for an area of given size and limited budget, is basically a function of inspection intensity and mapping accuracy. Both measures are illustrated using the Meuse and Ebergötzen case studies (gstat, plotKML packages). The results demonstrate that, for mapping organic matter (Meuse data set), there is a gain in the mapping efficiency when using regression-kriging versus ordinary kriging: mapping efficiency is 7% better and the information production efficiency about 25% better (3.99 vs 3.14 EUR B⁻¹ for the GZIP compression algorithm). For mapping sand content (Ebergötzen data set), the mapping efficiency for both ordinary kriging and regression-kriging is about the same; the information production efficiency is 29% better for regression-kriging (37.1 vs 27.7 EUR B⁻¹ for the GZIP compression algorithm). Information production efficiency is possibly a more robust measure of mapping quality than mapping efficiency because: (1) it is scale-independent, (2) it can be more easily related to the concept of effective information content, and (3) it accounts for the extrapolation effects. The limitation of deriving the information production efficiency is that both reliable estimate of the model uncertainty and the mapping accuracy is required.     

海堤施工中软土地基沉降计算分析

从剖析沉降固结的概念,探讨常规沉降计算公式的适用性出发,对照海堤工程实践中暴露出来的问题,指出软基筑堤工程实践中沉降计算分析的注意事项和建议,以起到抛砖引玉的效果。     

多目标区域地球化学编图数据整理方法—以海河流域编图为例

多目标区域地球化学编图是科学表达区域土壤地球化学分布和特征的图示方法,大区域的编图一般可能涉及到对不同的工作区、不同实验室和不同时间的测试数据,以及不同景观条件和网度的表层、深层土壤元素数据或不同分度带的网格数据分别进行拼接合并,因此区域编图对原始数据的整理和网格化处理不可避免.而不同的数据整理方法及其计算参数所形成的结果是非常不同的,数据本身的特点也对编图具有很大的影响.为了真实客观地反映区域内元素的地球化学分布特征,数据整理和处理的方法及技术参数的选择是关键技术问题.作者就化探数据处理中常用的几种插值方法进行了对比评价,并分别从网格间距及搜索半径大小等方面做比较,提出了自己在编图中采用的数据处理方法及选用的技术参数.     

基于随机二元指标的边坡稳定性分析

考虑岩土体抗剪强度参数的变异性,综合极限平衡法和可靠性理论构建了安全系数概率密度分布函数模型。结合实际工程特点,以安全系数大于临界值为标准构建有效区,将有效区安全系数均值与对应可靠度相乘,得到以安全系数和可靠度为随机二元指标的有效安全系数。以有效安全系数为定量指标,将边坡宏观特征现象与定量分析相联系,构建意义更为明确的边坡稳定性分析及评价方法。通过工程实例对比了有效安全系数与传统评价指标之间的差异。所得结论可为工程建设提供参考和借鉴。     

泉州地震台数字地震仪台址的地脉动噪声分析

利用2008年泉州台甚宽频带数字地震仪连续48 h和全年每月连续48 h内白天与夜间各连续4 h的地脉动记录,计算5 Hz、5 s和100s的静态地脉动噪声功率谱密度、1/3倍频程1-20Hz带宽各段的平均静态地脉动噪声有效值、1/3倍频程100-30 s带宽各段的平均静态地脉动加速度噪声有效值,以及上述3个频点和2个...     

大陆造山带岩石圈拆沉过程的数值模拟

岩石圈拆沉作用是指部分岩石圈由于重力不稳定性而沉入软流圈中的过程,与造山带的演化密切相关.本文基于非牛顿流体近似的有效黏度模型对岩石圈拆沉的过程进行了数值模拟,着重分析了岩石圈的黏度结构对拆沉作用的影响.数值模拟显示,下地壳控制着地壳与岩石圈地幔的耦合程度,对拆沉作用的过程和形态有很大的影响;在一定的初始重力不稳定性条...     

柴木铁路沼泽化冻土区热管冷却半径的观测研究

柴达尔-木里铁路沿线高温沼泽化多年冻土广泛发育,约20km的冻土路基采用了热管降温措施．借鉴青藏铁路的成功经验,热管的纵向和横向间距均设计为3m,并针对铁路东南-西北的不利走向,在阳坡布设了双排热管．为验证热管措施在多年冻土湿地路段设计参数的合理性,2008年底在柴达尔-木里铁路中段布设了热管冷却半径观测试验场,该观测...     

Influence of the ground profile on the reduction of earthquake motion at the filled man-made islands in the Kobe harbor during the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu earthquake

During the 1995 Hyogoken Nambu earthquake in Kobe, the ground motion at the filled man-made islands in the Kobe harbor was not as severe as that at the mainland. The building damage was also less compared to that on the mainland. It was found by comparative study of earthquake records that the magnitude of acceleration response on the ground surface decreases at the islands as opposed to the mainland. One dimensional effective stress analysis is adopted in this study. Input data has been generated from test results, e.g. the SPT N-value by standard penetration test and shear wave velocity V_s by PS logging. Results obtained by the analyses showed good agreement with the observed records, which is an indication of the suitability of the adopted analysis procedure. From this study, the followings are concluded. By the increase of SPT N-value of the filled layers, liquefaction near ground surface is restrained and damage modes such as ejection of water and soil can be prevented. Since the ground profile at the islands is that considerably soft filled layer and marine clay layers, etc. are present and the thickness of the surface layer is large, the initial natural period of the ground is above 1 s and the natural period is elongated further under the earthquake excitation, which is deemed to be the principal reason for the reduction of the earthquake motion at the ground surface.