National comprehensive approaches for rebuilding fisheries in South Korea

Korea's coastal and offshore fisheries have experienced reduction in their catch in the early 2000. The amount of catch from coastal and offshore fisheries dropped from 1.7 million tons in 1986 to 1 million tons in 2004. To address such catch reduction, fish stock enhancement programs have been constantly developed and implemented. However, as fish stocks have been estimated to decrease since 2000 in spite of various management measures, the Korean Government genuinely acknowledges the necessity to enhance fisheries productivity through the recovery of depleted fish stocks. Based on such acknowledgement, a fish stock rebuilding plan (FSRP) combined with conventional fish stock enhancement programs was established in 2005. For stocks which have shown drastic decrease, a FSRP was set up and promoted. So far, 10 FSRPs have been established and operated, and plan is being made to expand them to 20 species by 2012. The result of pilot projects shows that stocks have been increasing after the introduction of FSRPs. For instance, the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of sandfish in the East Sea has increased from 0.44 in 2005 to 0.78 in 2011. Consequently, fishing income has increased by 15%. The key lessons learned during the implementation of FSRP are: the causes for the decrease of stock vary and are complicated and it is necessary to adjust and eliminate some conventional policies that could have unforeseen negative impacts on fish stocks. The FSRP-based fisheries management policy in Korea carries great significance, for it has changed the focus of policy from simply maintaining the status quo to stock recovery and it allows relevant stakeholders to get actively involved in the procedures of establishing and promoting the plan, leading to effective implementation of the plan. The current FSRP is operated with species, but if it can be gradually expanded to encompass the whole ecosystem, it will greatly contribute to more effective management and fish stock recovery for all species in offshore and coastal waters surrounding Korea.     

江西会昌周田镇地面塌陷灾害CSAMT法勘查实例分析

介绍了江西会昌县周田镇地面塌陷灾害物探CSAMT法勘查技术、资料分析、勘查成果及验证情况。对了解塌陷区盖层有效厚度、塌落现状、塌陷区后续具体治理方案及决策有十分重要的意义,对在类似地电条件下地质灾害物探勘查方法的选择、资料解释等具一定的借鉴意义。     

弹性能量半径演化谱及其在多自由度体系地震反应计算中的应用

目前用于结构抗震设计的反应谱仅能反映峰值反应,无法体现反应值随时间的变化。文中提出一种弹性能量半径演化谱,可反映线性单自由度体系弹性能量(即动能与弹性势能之和)随地震持时的变化,且其峰值近似等于结构峰值位移。文中给出了利用地震动演化功率谱得到该演化谱的方法并进一步发展了一种计算线性多自由度体系地震位移反应的新方法。通过两座框架结构的地震反应计算,将新方法与传统振型组合法及时程分析法的计算结果进行对比,发现对于振型稀疏结构,新方法计算结果与SRSS法接近;而对于振型密集结构,新方法计算结果较CQC法更精确,且避免了CQC法相关系数的复杂计算。     

基于GIS的马尾马江片区公共厕所布局分析与优化

公共服务配套设施的合理布局和质量提升是新型城镇化的内涵之一,将GIS技术应用于规划领域可使规划成果具更理性与可实施性。以福州市马尾区马江片区为例,基于出行人群密度、区域繁华程度、公共厕所服务半径三者间的对应关系,对马江片区公共厕所的空间布局进行分析,认为该片区现状公共厕所存在数量与质量上的双重不足。针对存在的不足,提出优化算法与优化布局方案,并基于GIS技术实现可视化模拟。优化后的公共厕所共有53座,较现状的27座增加26座,符合《城市公共厕所设计标准》规定;公共厕所服务区覆盖片区总面积的91.5%,较现状的38.8%增加52.7%,满足城市规划与未来发展的需求。     

Finite element analysis of land subsidence above depleted reservoirs with pore pressure gradient and total stress formulations

The solution of the poroelastic equations for predicting land subsidence above productive gas/oil fields may be addressed by the principle of virtual works using either the effective intergranular stress, with the pore pressure gradient regarded as a distributed body force, or the total stress incorporating the pore pressure. In the finite element (FE) method both approaches prove equivalent at the global assembled level. However, at the element level apparently the equivalence does not hold, and the strength source related to the pore pressure seems to generate different local forces on the element nodes. The two formulations are briefly reviewed and discussed for triangular and tetrahedral finite elements. They are shown to yield different results at the global level as well in a three‐dimensional axisymmetric porous medium if the FE integration is performed using the average element‐wise radius. A modification to both formulations is suggested which allows to correctly solve the problem of a finite reservoir with an infinite pressure gradient, i.e. with a pore pressure discontinuity on its boundary. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑洞吸积盘内边缘半径的演化

本文用广义相对论讨论了黑洞吸积盘内边缘半径ｒ（ｍｓ）的演化规律。结果表明，吸积盘的中心黑洞在由Ｓｃｈｗａｒｚｓｃｈｉｌｄ型向极端Ｋｅｒｒ型演化的过程中，黑洞的角动量变化对ｒ（ｍｓ）的影响始终比黑洞的质量变化对ｒ（ｍｓ）的影响大。在此过程中ｒ（ｍｓ）始终是连续、单调减小的。本文得出ｒ（ｍｓ）对时间变化率的取值范围，并对其物理意义作了讨论。     

Metamorphic reactions in dry and aluminous granulites: a Perple_X <Emphasis Type="Italic">P–T</Emphasis> pseudosection analysis of the influence of effective reaction volume

In high-Mg, Al metapelites, monophase sapphirine corona occur around spinel–corundum aggregates in monomineralic cordierite layers, and bi-phase orthopyroxene–sillimanite aggregates replace locally warped sapphirine in polygonized cordierite aggregates. P–T phase topologies computed (Perple_X software) using compositions of cordierite-rich layers that host the reaction textures did not match the assemblages for the discontinuous reactions spinel + corundum + cordierite → sapphirine and sapphirine + cordierite → orthopyroxene + sillimanite. Instead, the reaction assemblages were reproduced using P–T pseudosection analysis for micro-domain reaction volumes estimated from compositions of product phases in the volume proportion they occur. The results are consistent with known phase relations deduced using Schreinmakers P–T grids. Apparently, the compositions of cordierite-rich layers that hosted the reaction textures were inadequate chemical proxies for determining P–T–X relations of phase-boundary controlled reactions influenced by compositions of the nearest-neighbor minerals in the proportion they react (effective composition), and not in the proportion they existed in the layer/bulk rock. In other words, P–T–X phase topologies and reconstructed P–T paths in dry and aluminous rocks may be best understood by thermodynamic modeling of reactions using effective reaction volume compositions rather than the bulk composition of the rock or the mineralogical layer that host the reaction textures.     

非对称缓和曲线坐标计算方法

本文重点阐述高等级公路非标准缓和曲线的施工放样测量.缓和曲线是设置在直线和圆曲线之间的一种线型,起缓和过渡作用,其目的在于保证车辆由直线进入圆曲线(或由圆曲线进入直线)时的横向稳定,缓和曲线的曲率半径随曲线长度的增加而均匀连续地变小,本文综合了各种情况下的曲线计算,给出了直接计算和间接计算两种计算方法,并用C编写了计算...     

山区合适耕地经营规模确定的实证研究——以重庆市为例

在地形起伏、地块破碎、分布半径较远等约束下,山区多大的经营规模是合适的?这是目前必须弄清的科学问题之一。使用480份有效调查问卷,以投入农业的劳动力为测算单位,以劳均纯收入为评价指标,分作物类型和地块分布半径,构建计量经济模型,测算不同条件下合适的耕地经营,结果表明：① 在现有社会经济条件下,样本村农业土地适度规模经营面积为24~32亩,适度规模下的劳均纯收入远高于当前农村人均纯收入,且与城镇居民的差距明显缩小。② 作物类型对适度规模影响不大,但对农民纯收入产生较大作用。经济作物和粮食作物的适度规模分别为24.33亩、24.63亩,差异不显著,但种植经济作物和粮食作物在适度规模下的劳均纯收入相差3638元,巨大的差距将促使经济作物种植面积不断扩大。③ 距离对适度规模影响较大,但对劳均纯收入影响不大。0.5 km内、0.5~1 km的适度规模分别为28.62亩、31.83亩,单位劳动力的适度规模相差3亩,这表明距离是目前从事农业生产时劳动力投入时须考虑的重要因素。但是,对应的劳均纯收入相差较小,又说明伴随耕作距离的增加,更多的投入主要依靠机械来完成,从而带动适度规模的扩大。1 km外的建模未通过检验,也进一步说明未实现规模经营、没有进行机械化耕作、离家远的土地收支严重不平衡,撂荒严重,规模化经营、机械化耕作是解决距离问题的有效途径。本文得出的土地适度规模是可行的,也验证了推进土地适度规模经营的可行性和必要性。