东海陆架外缘区构造特征及其成因机制

东海陆架边缘的构造特征记录了有关冲绳海槽张裂过程的关键信息,对于进一步理解海槽的形成演化以及弧后张裂与弧-陆碰撞之间的相互作用至关重要。本文基于多道地震和重磁资料,分析了东海陆架边缘的地形和构造特征,并对冲绳海槽早期张裂过程、北西向断裂带的分隔控制作用、钓鱼岛隆起带南北构造差异和冲绳海槽的向西前展等问题进行了探讨。结果表明,冲绳海槽西侧陆坡存在的分段性,各分段在地形地貌、地层展布和构造特征等方面的不同,体现了其构造演化和现今构造活动性的差异。冲绳海槽中—北段的张裂始于陆架前缘坳陷,在晚中新世向东扩展至整个海槽,晚中新世至今以分散式张裂为主。北西向断裂带对东海陆架边缘不同分段的构造特征和构造活动起到了分隔控制和转换协调作用,控制了不同类型陆坡的形成和发育。受冲绳海槽在全宽度上向西前展的影响,钓鱼岛隆起带南段的基底隆起及其支撑的陆架边缘发生了破坏和沉降,形成基底起伏较大、地形崎岖不平的陆坡。     

东太平洋海隆13°N表层含金属沉积物物质组成与元素赋存状态

为了解不同类型含金属沉积物在物质组成和元素赋存状态的差异,对东太平洋海隆13°N洋中脊两侧表层含金属沉积物(站号:E271和E53)进行了矿物学、地球化学分析,顺序提取实验,并与前人对轴部表层沉积物(站号:17A-EPR-TVG1)的研究结果作了对比分析。研究结果表明, E271和E53是远端含金属沉积物,由非浮力热液羽状流中颗粒物沉降所形成的;17A-EPR-TVG1沉积物是近喷口含金属沉积物,由黑烟囱或者热液硫化物丘状体崩塌、堆积,或者由热液羽状流中Fe-Mn氧化物和硫化物快速沉淀而形成的,近喷口沉积物比远端沉积物更富集Fe、Cu和Zn等元素。元素在两种含金属沉积物中的赋存状态基本相同,除了Fe,Cu,Zn,Mo和稀土元素(REE)等元素在远端沉积物中主要存在于Fe-Mn氧化物相,在近喷口沉积物中主要在残留相中。远端沉积物中REE页岩标准化配分模式与海水相似,表明REE主要来自海水,而近喷口沉积物中REE配分模式与热液流体相似,说明REE以高温热液流体来源为主。相关研究结果加深了对热液沉积作用研究的认识。     

Numerical study of sand scour with a modified Eulerian model based on incipient motion theory

Application of the standard Eulerian model to simulations of sand scour results in unrealistic phenomena. Therefore, the present work develops a modified Eulerian model based on sand incipient motion theory. The modified model is applied for simulating a two-dimensional single vertical jet and a moving planar jet. The simulation results generally demonstrate fairly good agreement with published results of scour profiles and the velocity contours of the water and sand phases. In addition, equations to describe self-similar scour profiles for the moving planar jet cases are given. The results demonstrate that the modified model efficiently and accurately simulates the two-dimensional sand scour produced by jets, particularly for the moving jet cases.     

Terrestrial discharge influences microbioerosion and microbioeroder community structure in coral reefs

Microbioerosion rates and microbioeroder community structure were studied in four Kenyan protected coral-reef lagoons using shell fragments of Tridacna giant clams to determine their response to the influence of terrestrial run-off. Fourteen different microbioeroder traces from seven cyanobacteria, three green algae and four fungi species were identified. The river discharge-impacted reef and ‘pristine’ reef showed similar composition but higher microbioeroder abundance and total cyanobacteria- and chlorophyte-bioeroded areas when compared with the other study reefs. Cyanobacteria dominated during the north-east monsoon (NEM) relative to the south-east monsoon (SEM) season, with algae and cyanobacteria being major microbioeroders in the river-impacted and pristine reefs. The rate of microbioerosion varied between 4.3 g CaCO3 m^?2 y^?1 (SEM) and 134.7 g CaCO₃ m^?2 y^?1 (NEM), and was highest in the river-impacted reef (127.6 g CaCO₃ m^?2 y^?1), which was almost double that in the pristine reef (69.5 g CaCO₃ m^?2 y^?1) and the mangrove-fringed reef (56.2 g CaCO₃ m^?2 y^?1). The microbioerosion rates measured in this study may not be high enough to cause concern with regard to the health and net carbonate production of Kenya’s coral reefs. Nevertheless, predicted increases in the frequency and severity of stresses related to global climate change (e.g. increased sea surface temperature, acidification), as well as interactions with local disturbances and their influence on bioerosion, may be increasingly important in the future.     

48ka以来日本海Ulleung海盆南部的海洋沉积环境演化

晚第四纪以来伴随底层水含氧量的剧烈变化,浅色和深色沉积层的交替出现是日本海半远洋沉积物的主要特征。沉积特征分析表明,日本海Ulleung海盆南部KCES1孔的沉积物具有四种不同的沉积构造:均质、纹层、纹层状和混杂构造。深色沉积层一般具有纹层和纹层状构造,并且与我国内陆的千年尺度东亚夏季风强弱变化记录有很好的对应关系,表明纹层沉积物也具有千年尺度的变化规律,从而进一步说明了冰川性海平面变化和东亚夏季风波动应该是Ulleung海盆南部底层水溶解氧含量变化的主要原因。在暖期,在东亚夏季风降水相对增强的影响下,低温、低盐的东海沿岸水对日本海表层水体的贡献要大于对马暖流的贡献,日本海水体间的交换减弱,最终造成缺氧的海底沉积环境。在冷期,夏季风强度的减弱(冬季风增强)加快了日本海西北部深层水的生成,Ulleung海盆南部的底层水含氧量高,相应地沉积了具均质构造的浅色沉积物;在末次盛冰期最低海平面时,日本海成为一个封闭的海盆,降雨量高于蒸发量,水体出现分层,底层水处于停滞缺氧状态。自距今17.5 ka(日历年,下同)以来底层水含氧量较高,对马暖流逐渐成为影响日本海海洋沉积环境的主要因素。Ulleung海盆南部底层水的含氧量在YD期间有一定程度的降低,东海沿岸水的短暂强盛制约了深层水的流通。自距今10.5 ka以来对马暖流强盛,日本海海底处于富氧的沉积环境。     

东海陆扰海域铜、铅、锌、镉重金属排海通量及海洋环境容量估算

汇总并分析了20世纪80年代初以来东海陆扰海域重金属排海通量年变化规律及主要来源,应用多介质海洋环境中重金属迁移-转化模型,估算了东海陆扰海域重金属海洋环境容量。20世纪80年代初以来,东海陆扰海域铜、铅、锌、镉排海总量整体上呈不对称的倒"U"形变化趋势,基本符合"环境库兹涅茨曲线",20世纪90年代达到最大值,当前排海总量仍高于20世纪80年代初期的水平。东海陆扰海域铜、铅、锌、镉污染物主要来源于以河流为主的陆源排放,其中88.0%左右来源于河流排放,7.5%左右来源于排污口,只有4.5%左右来源于大气沉降。长江流域排海通量占东海陆扰海域排海总量的比例最大,平均为92.4%左右,钱塘江流域平均只有3.9%左右,闽江流域平均只有3.7%左右。东海陆扰海域铜、铅、锌、镉污染物海洋环境容量分别约为17.0,4.7,113.1,0.71 kt/a。当前铅、锌、镉污染物排海总量没有超过东海陆扰海域海洋环境容量,但铜的排海总量超过其海洋环境容量大约8%。     

雷诺数对圆形渐缩喷嘴湍流射流的影响

The present study systematically investigates by experiment the influence of Reynolds number (Re) on a turbulent jet issuing from a smoothly-contracting round nozzle. Measurements were performed for seven Reynolds numbers varying from Re = 4,050 to Re = 20,100 using single hot-wire anemometry and over an axial distance of 30 nozzle exit diameters. Although all the exit velocity profiles are of "top-hat" shape, these measurements reveal significant dependence on Re of the exit and downstream flows. The effect of Re on both the mean and turbulent fields is substantial for Re ＜ 10,000 and becomes weak beyond Re = 10,000. The length of the jet’s potential core and the far-field rates of decay and spread all depend significantly on Re.     

日本海西南陆坡全新世对马暖流演化的沉积学和地球化学记录

对日本海西南陆坡对马暖流主流轴下方高沉积速率沉积物柱状样,进行了沉积学和地球化学系统研究,以探讨全新世以来对马暖流在研究区的形成与演化,并得出了与附近地区古海洋学方法非常相近的结果,从而为今后研究区的对马暖流演化研究提供了沉积学和地球化学指标。据此,该柱状样中所记录的对马暖流演化可划分为5个主要阶段。全新世初期(9.6kaBP),对马暖流开始进入日本海,其强度较弱,同时,伴随着富营养东海沿岸水的影响,海底环境由还原性向氧化性转变;6.5kaBP时,对马暖流控制下的日本海南部现代对流模式最终建立起来,东海沿岸水的影响基本消失,随后,对马暖流明显减弱;3.0kaBP时,对马暖流再次增强并基本达到现在水平,且在随后的3ka里保持总体稳定,期间在2.0～0.7kaBP存在一次较弱的减弱过程。     

东海磁场及磁性基底特征

利用东海及邻域最新的磁力异常数据,分析东海的磁场特征,并利用该磁力数据计算东海的磁性基底界面,分析解释磁性界面的特征及地质特征。研究表明,从陆区、陆架盆地到冲绳海槽中部,磁力异常呈正负相间变化,最大值出现在福建沿海地区;磁性基底深度在4～11km之间变化。从冲绳海槽中部到琉球群岛,磁异常从正磁异常变为负磁异常;磁性基底深度为7～12km之间变化。从琉球弧前盆地到琉球海沟,磁力异常为正负相间变化,中部磁异常为负值,两侧异常为正值;磁性基底深度为7.5～11km之间变化。