A new gravity map, a new marine geoid around Japan and the detection of the Kuroshio current

About half a million marine gravity measurements over a 30^∘×30^∘ area centered on Japan have been processed and adjusted to produce a new free-air gravity map from a 5′×5′ grid. This map seems to have a better resolution than those previously published as measured by its correlation with bathymetry. The grid was used together with a high-degree and -order spherical harmonics geopotential model to compute a detailed geoid with two methods: Stokes integral and collocation. Comparisons with other available geoidal surfaces derived either from gravity or from satellite altimetry were made especially to test the ability of this new geoid at showing the sea surface topography as mapped by the Topex/Poseidon satellite. Over 2 months (6 cycles) the dynamic topography at ascending passes in the region (23^∘47^∘N and 123^∘147^∘E) was mapped to study the variability of the Kuroshio current. Received: 15 July 1994 / Accepted: 17 February 1997     

Distribution of vertical crustal movement rates in the Tohoku district, Japan, predicted by least-squares collocation

Least-squares prediction using an empirically deduced local covariance function was performed to investigate the temporal change in the rates of vertical crustal movements in the Tohoku district, Japan. Levelling data covering an area of approximately 450 × 275 km² observed between 1966 and 1995 were used and the results shown in the form of contour maps. Firstly we derived a covariance function of the rates of vertical crustal movement with a Gaussian form function. We used this function to estimate the spatial distribution of the rates of vertical crustal movements. By the present method, a steady tilt of the Tohoku district to the east, toward the Japan Trench and an areal uplift in the southwestern part were well reproduced. Moreover, a significant temporal change in vertical movement rates is clearly seen. Received: 15 July 1996      

Construction of Green's function to the external Dirichlet boundary-value problem for the Laplace equation on an ellipsoid of revolution

Green's function to the external Dirichlet boundary-value problem for the Laplace equation with data distributed on an ellipsoid of revolution has been constructed in a closed form. The ellipsoidal Poisson kernel describing the effect of the ellipticity of the boundary on the solution of the investigated boundary-value problem has been expressed as a finite sum of elementary functions which describe analytically the behaviour of the ellipsoidal Poisson kernel at the singular point ψ = 0. We have shown that the degree of singularity of the ellipsoidal Poisson kernel in the vicinity of its singular point is of the same degree as that of the original spherical Poisson kernel. Received: 4 June 1996 / Accepted: 7 April 1997     

Fast space-domain evaluation of geodetic surface integrals

Geodetic surface integrals play an important role in the numerical solution of geodetic boundary-value problems. In many cases they can be evaluated using fast methods in the frequency domain (FFT). However, this is not possible in general, because the domain of integration may be non-trivial (as is the surface of the Earth), the kernel function may not be of convolution type, or the data distribution may be heterogeneous. Therefore, fast evaluation strategies are also required in the space domain. They are more difficult to design because only one property is left where a more or less fast evaluation strategy can be built upon: the potential type of the kernel function. Consequently, the idea is not to replace well-established frequency domain techniques, but to supplement them. Our approach to this problem goes in two directions: (1) we use advanced cubature methods where the integration nodes automatically densify in the vicinity of the evaluation points; (2) we use powerful computer hardware, namely MIMD computers with distributed memory. This enables us to evaluate geodetic surface integrals of any practical complexity in reasonable time and accuracy. This is shown in a numerical example. Received: 7 May 1996 / Accepted:17 March 1997     

The spacetime gravitational field of a deformable body

The high-resolution analysis of orbit perturbations of terrestrial artificial satellites has documented that the eigengravitation of a massive body like the Earth changes in time, namely with periodic and aperiodic constituents. For the space-time variation of the gravitational field the action of internal and external volume as well as surface forces on a deformable massive body are responsible. Free of any assumption on the symmetry of the constitution of the deformable body we review the incremental spatial (“Eulerian”) and material (“Lagrangean”) gravitational field equations, in particular the source terms (two constituents: the divergence of the displacement field as well as the projection of the displacement field onto the gradient of the reference mass density function) and the `jump conditions' at the boundary surface of the body as well as at internal interfaces both in linear approximation. A spherical harmonic expansion in terms of multipoles of the incremental Eulerian gravitational potential is presented. Three types of spherical multipoles are identified, namely the dilatation multipoles, the transport displacement multipoles and those multipoles which are generated by mass condensation onto the boundary reference surface or internal interfaces. The degree-one term has been identified as non-zero, thus as a “dipole moment” being responsible for the varying position of the deformable body's mass centre. Finally, for those deformable bodies which enjoy a spherically symmetric constitution, emphasis is on the functional relation between Green functions, namely between Fourier-/ Laplace-transformed volume versus surface Love-Shida functions (h(r),l(r) versus h ^′(r),l ^′(r)) and Love functions k(r) versus k ^′(r). The functional relation is numerically tested for an active tidal force/potential and an active loading force/potential, proving an excellent agreement with experimental results. Received: December 1995 / Accepted: 1 February 1997     

Vertical Ozone Profile over Tibet Using Sage I and II Data

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丽江地震序列的震源机制,发震应力场和破裂特征

丽江７．０级地震震区位于我国西南地区现代构造应力场空间分布的复杂地区，区域应力场主压应力优势方位为南南东。震区位于可能受到多种构造动力源作用的特定构造运动环境中。获得了主震和２２个ＭＬ≥４．０级余震的震源机制Ｐ波初动解，分析表明，主震发震应力场为北３°东，与震区区域应力场主压应力优势方位有一个小角度的偏差。主震的发震应力不仅有水平应力的作用，同时还有显的垂直应力的作用。在余震序列发展中震区呈现出     

云南地壳形变与丽江7.0级地震

本利用滇西、滇中地区大地垂直形变和跨断层短水准、短基线的监测资料进行综合分析论证，其结果表明：１９９６年２月滇西丽江７．０级地震前，该区应力场方向自１９９０年以来产生了由北东－北西的转变，震源区出现高达１０９ｍｍ的垂直差异运动１９９３－１９９６年有７５％的断层形变测点相继出现不同程度的中期、短期和临震异常。大地垂直形变与断层形变的共性演变特性，为强震的预测提供了一个较好的震例。     

地震能量空间分布局域标度特性中短期预报方法及效能评价——实际震例的回顾性检验

利用中国大陆丰富的地震记录，对表征地震能量空间分布局域标度特性的各参量〔１〕及其组合进行系统研究，提炼具有可操作性、能够用于日常地震监测预报的实用方法，特别着重于“异常”划分方式及划分标准的研究。这一划分方式及划分标准对不同地区或不同时段均是“动态”可变的，对所研究的１０个区域内发生的中强地震进行回顾性的预报检验，发现对于较短时期（０．５－１．５年），其最大预报评分的平均值介于０．３—０．６之间，明显高于随机应答的概率评分，表明多参数综合使用具有相对强的预报能力     

1995年7月12日云南孟连中缅边界7.3级地震中短临预报及前兆特征(2)——云南强震活动特征及孟连7.3级地震前的地震学异常

研究讨论了云南强震活动的时空特征，指出区内Ｍ≥６８级地震呈现活跃与平静；主体活动区东西交替及时空轮回迁移等特征。据此指出１９８８年云南地区进入了Ｍ≥６８级地震强震活跃期，主体地区在云南西部，１９９５—１９９７年存在发生６—７甚至７级以上地震的危险。同时讨论了孟连７３级地震前相关区地震活动，滇西北、滇西南有关ｂ值、小震频度、调制比异常等８种地震学异常的空间分布、时间进程等特征。特别指出了１９９４年９月至１９９５年５月滇西南地区Ｍ≥４７级地震形成的时空密集现象，及其在短临阶段对震级及地点方面判断的重要作用。