Experimental evidence for an effect of early-diagenetic interaction between labile and refractory marine sedimentary organic matter on nitrogen dynamics

In most natural sedimentary systems labile and refractory organic material (OM) occur concomitantly. Little, however, is known on how different kinds of OM interact and how such interactions affect early diagenesis in sediments. In a simple sediment experiment, we investigated how interactions of OM substrates of different degradability affect benthic nitrogen (N) dynamics. Temporal evolution of a set of selected biogeochemical parameters was monitored in sandy sediment over 116 days in three experimental set-ups spiked with labile OM (tissue of Mytilus edulis), refractory OM (mostly aged Zostera marina and macroalgae), and a 1:1 mixture of labile and refractory OM. The initial amounts of particulate organic carbon (POC) were identical in the three set-ups. To check for non-linear interactions between labile and refractory OM, the evolution of the mixture system was compared with the evolution of the simple sum of the labile and refractory systems, divided by two. The sum system is the experimental control where labile and refractory OM are virtually combined but not allowed to interact. During the first 30 days there was evidence for net dissolved-inorganic-nitrogen (DIN) production followed by net DIN consumption. (Here ‘DIN’ is the sum of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate.) After  30 days a quasi steady state was reached. Non-linear interactions between the two types of OM were reflected by three main differences between the early-diagenetic evolutions of nitrogen dynamics of the mixture and sum (control) systems: (1) In the mixture system the phases of net DIN production and consumption commenced more rapidly and were more intense. (2) The mixture system was shifted towards a more oxidised state of DIN products [as indicated by increased (nitrite + nitrate)/(ammonium) ratios]. (3) There was some evidence that more OM, POC and particulate nitrogen were preserved in the mixture system. That is, in the mixture system more particulate OM was preserved while a higher proportion of the decomposed particulate N was converted into inorganic N. It can be concluded that during the first days and weeks of early diagenesis the magnitude and composition of the flux of decompositional dissolved N-compounds from sediments into the overlying water was influenced by non-linear interactions of OM substrates of different degradability. Given these experimental results it is likely that the relative spatial distributions of OM of differing degradability in sediments control the magnitude and composition of the return flux of dissolved N-bearing compounds from sediments into the overlying water column.     

谱分解技术在预测煤层岩浆岩侵入区的应用

岩浆岩的侵入问题一直严重影响着煤矿的安全和高效生产,如何准确地划分出岩浆岩侵入区范围是急需解决的关键问题之一。通过对正演模型数据和实际数据的谱分解分析,发现正常煤层与岩浆岩侵入煤层间存在着明显的频谱差异。正常煤层反射波在其主频对应的谱分解切片上的能量较强,而岩浆岩侵入煤层反射波在同一谱分解切片上的能量较弱。对于实际煤层数据来说,通过钻井标定,即可以定量、准确地划分出岩浆岩侵入区的范围。以大屯煤电公司徐庄煤矿为例,对7煤层谱分解沿层切片与振幅沿层切片进行了对比解释,结果证实谱分解技术对预测煤层岩浆侵入范围是切实可行的。     

基于分层EOF的深海声速剖面时变特征建模

针对目前局部海域小时间尺度声速场建模方法未顾及不同深度区间内声速变化规律的问题,本文根据实测深海声速剖面的统计特征,提出了声速剖面分层方法,并进一步基于经验正交函数（Empirical Orthogonal Function, EOF）提出了局部小时间尺度的声速剖面分层时变模型构建方法。利用南海实测全海深声速剖面数据,分析了分层EOF第一模态系数和等效平均声速的日变化特征,并比较了不同拟合模型的精度。最后,利用试验海区的温度和潮汐数据分析了声速剖面周期变化的影响因素。结果表明： ①声速剖面分层EOF第一模态系数及等效平均声速具有日周期变化特征,上层声速日周期变化特征不明显,中层声速日周期变化特征较明显,下层声速变化较小但仍具有日周期变化特征;②局部海域小时间尺度声速拟合应考虑长期变化项的影响;③试验海区声速剖面EOF第一模态系数变化与温度显著相关,提取的声速剖面时变特征与海区潮汐周期特征基本吻合。     

EEMD-多尺度排列熵的GPS高程时间序列降噪方法

针对GPS高程时间序列受各类噪声干扰的影响,导致难以提取有用信息的问题,提出一种基于整体经验模态分解(EEMD)结合多尺度排列熵(MPE)的阈值降噪方法。该方法以EEMD为核心算法,将原始信号分解成一系列本征模态函数(IMF),并采用MPE作为指标将其分类为噪声IMF、混合IMF和信息IMF;然后利用阈值函数处理混合IMF,实现二次降噪;再重构降噪后的数据与信息IMF,获得降噪结果。仿真信号和实例分析结果表明,该方法与相关系数法、MPE法相比,降噪评价指标RMSE、SNR和d_nSNR均为最优,说明该降噪方法效果最好,本文方法获得的降噪结果能够更好地反映出时间序列本身的非线性变化特性,可为GPS高程时间序列分析提供可靠依据。     

Blondel和k-核分解混合算法相结合的网络空间点群要素多尺度模型构建

随着人们对网络空间的依赖性不断增强,互联网技术与网络基础设施规模迅速发展。很难直接用数字或表格的形式对网络空间进行全局的规划与管理,并且不容易发现隐藏在网络空间中的一些关键信息。网络空间点群要素的多尺度模型构建对网络空间数据的多尺度分析和可视化具有非常重要的意义。本文以网络空间的特征为依据,在借鉴基于社团划分的网络空间分层算法和基于节点重要性的网络空间分层算法特点的基础上,提出了Blondel算法和k-核分解的混合算法相结合的网络空间点群要素多尺度模型构建算法。本算法通过自动社团划分,用同一社团内的节点合并构建新的网络,有效解决了基于节点重要性的网络空间分层算法自动化程度低的弊端。利用核心节点来代替整个社团结构,显著保留了网络空间中节点的属性。实验表明使用该算法可以使各个层次网络空间点群要素的综合比例降至30%以下,较好的实现了网络空间点群要素的聚类与分层,若将网络空间点群要素的多尺度模型应用于地理空间中,则可实现网络空间地图的多尺度绘制。     

1960-2010年中国降水区域分异及年代际变化特征

利用1960-2010年中国1840个台站年降水量数据,采用经验正交函数(EOF)和旋转经验正交函数分解方法(REOF)对降水进行分区,并对各区降水的变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:基于多站点资料结合REOF方法实现的降水分区与中国降水实际区域分异特征比较符合,并与中国气候区划相一致.中国各区降水变化特征分析表明,东部各区降水在20世纪70年代末、80年代末-90年代初和21世纪初发生雨带的南北移动过程,其中夏季雨带的移动主要受东亚夏季风和大气环流年代际变化的影响.西北地区降水以1985/1986年为突变年,西北西部地区降水由前期偏少转为偏多,主要与来自阿拉伯海和里海异常偏多的水汽输送有关;西北东部地区降水由前期偏多转为偏少,主要与季风的年代际减弱有关.东北地区降水在80年代初由前期接近正常转为偏多,90年代末降水由前期偏多转为偏少,主要与季风和西北太平洋水汽输送的年代际变化相关.西南部各区降水阶段性变化明显,2000年以前西南东北部地区降水与西部地区基本呈反向变化,主要受青藏高原地形、东亚季风和副热带高压等因素的影响,降水阶段性变化明显、成因复杂.     

我国西南地区干湿季降水的主模态分析

利用我国西南地区26个台站降水资料,通过经验正交函数（EOF）分解的方法,分析了1980～2009年该地区干季（10～4月）和湿季（5～9月）降水的主模态。我国西南地区干季降水的时空变化存在两种主模态,它们分别可以解释总方差的22.4%和15.6%。第1主模态为全区一致型,具有准两年周期振荡的年际变化特征;第2主模态为东南—西北反向型,从20世纪90年代中期至21世纪初呈现2～3年的变化周期。我国西南地区湿季降水的时空变化存在三种主模态,它们分别可以解释总方差的17.1%,13.8%和11.1%。第1主模态为全区一致型,20世纪90年代初期具有较强的2～4年周期;第2主模态为经向偶极子型分布,并具有显著的4年周期;第3主模态为纬向偶极子型分布,具有2～4年的年际变化信号。进一步利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的海表面温度（SST）资料,通过合成分析和回归分析的方法探讨了与干湿季降水各主模态对应的大尺度大气环流和海温状况。我国西南地区干季降水第1主模态与北极涛动（AO）有明显的正相关关系,对应的大气环流和海温状况表现为高纬北冰洋与中纬度地区上空高度场的反向异常分布,北大西洋和北太平洋海温低纬与中高纬的偶极子型异常分布;第2主模态与中高纬欧亚大陆上空高度场经向偶极子型异常分布有关,中纬度北太平洋的海温异常与该模态具有紧密的联系。我国西南地区湿季降水第1主模态与北大西洋涛动（NAO）显著负相关,对应的大气环流和海温状况表现为北大西洋上,高纬度与中纬度地区上空高度场的偶极子型异常分布,海温从低纬到中高纬的三极子型异常分布;第2主模态受欧亚大陆上空高度场经向三极子型异常分布影响,并与北太平洋海温异常的一致型分布有关;第3主模态可能与El Ni?o Modoki有关,同时受到南亚高压的影响,赤道太平洋海温的纬向三极子型异常分布对该模态具有一定的潜在预报意义。     

声速剖面EOF表示对多波束水深数据的影响研究

基于实测数据,将测区内声速剖面进行EOF表示,进而采用常梯度分层声线跟踪法对EOF表示的声速剖面和实测声速剖面进行比对,统计有效波束比。比对结果表明:采用EOF表示的声速剖面进行的水深数据改正能够满足多波束水深测量的精度指标要求,论证了采用EOF方法表示多波束勘测水深声速剖面场的有效性。     

Water discharge variability of Changjiang （Yangtze） and Huanghe （Yellow） Rivers and its response to climatic changes

Influences of large-scale climatic phenomena, such as the E1Nifio/La Nifia-Southem Oscillation （ENSO） and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）, on the temporal variations of the annual water discharge at the Lijin station in the Huanghe （Yellow） River and at the Datong station in the Changjiang （Yangtze） River were examined. Using the empirical mode decomposition-maximum entropy spectral analysis （EMD- MESA） method, the 2- to 3-year, 8- to 14-year, and 23-year cyclical variations of the annual water discharge at the two stations were discovered. Based on the analysis results, the hydrological time series on the inter- annual to interdecadal scales were constructed. The results indicate that from 1950 to 2011, a significant downward trend occurred in the natural annual water discharge in Huanghe River. However, the changes in water discharge in Changjiang River basin exhibited a slightly upward trend. It indicated that the changes in the river discharge in the Huanghe basin were driven primarily by precipitation. Other factors, such as the precipitation over the Changjiang River tributaries, ice melt and evaporation contributed much more to the increase in the Changjiang River basin. Especially, the impacts of the inter-annual and inter-decadal climate oscillations such as ENSO and PDO could change the long-term patterns of precipitation over the basins of the two major rivers. Generally, low amounts of basin-wide precipitation on interannual to interdecadal scales over the two rivers corresponded to most of the warm ENSO events and the warm phases of the PDO, and vice versa. The positive phases of the PDO and ENSO could lead to reduced precipitation and consequently affect the long-term scale water discharges at the two rivers.     

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