Marine regions and regionalism in South-east Asia

If problems of ocean management are to be solved the seas must be divided up into appropriate regions. Regional boundaries can be based on factors of physical geography or on economic, political or management principles. South-east Asia, with complicated land-sea boundaries, provides a number of examples of different types of marine regions, which can be used as case study examples of problems and solutions in regionalizing the oceans. Eight regional types and locations are described and discussed, and it is concluded that regional arrangements for management or the solution of problems are at present limited to three: the Malacca-Singapore Straits, Andaman Sea and Celebes Sea.     

Constraining P-wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath Southeast Asia

We have produced a P-wave model of the upper mantle beneath Southeast (SE) Asia from reprocessed short period International Seismological Centre (ISC) P and pP data, short period P data of the Annual Bulletin of Chinese Earthquakes (ABCE), and long period PP-P data. We used 3D sensitivity kernels to combine the datasets, and mantle structure was parameterized with an irregular grid. In the best-sampled region our data resolve structure on scale lengths less than 150 km. The smearing of crustal anomalies to larger depths is reduced by a crustal correction using an a priori 3D model. Our tomographic inversions reveal high-velocity roots beneath the Archean Ordos Plateau, the Sichuan Basin, and other continental blocks in SE Asia. Beneath the Himalayan Block we detect high seismic velocities, which we associate with subduction of Indian lithospheric mantle. This structure is visible above the 410 km discontinuity and may not connect to the remnant of the Neo-Tethys oceanic slab in the lower mantle. Our images suggest that only the southwestern part of the Tibetan plateau is underlain by Indian lithosphere and, thus, that the upper mantle beneath northeastern Tibet is primarily of Asian origin. Our imaging also reveals a large-scale high-velocity structure in the transition zone beneath the Yangtze Craton, which could have been produced in multiple subduction episodes. The low P-wave velocities beneath the Hainan Island are most prominent in the upper mantle and transition zone; they may represent counter flow from the surrounding subduction zones, and may not be unrelated to processes beneath eastern Tibet.     

北太平洋高度场异常关联中心的空间结构特征的研究

采用NCEP/NCAR全球高度场和地面气压资料,研究了北太平洋负关联中心由低层到高层的空间分布,以及与其有较强关联的异常关联中心的特征.结果表明,各高度场中与北太平洋关联比较显著的中心比较一致,主要分布在三个区域:赤道中太平洋和白令海峡的负关联中心,以及北美大陆东南部的正关联中心.三个区域内格点对北太平洋的综合作用表现...     

The influence of large-scale circulations on the extremely inactive tropical cyclone activity in 2010 over the western North Pacific

This study attempts to understand why the frequency of tropical cyclones (TC) over the western North Pacific (WNP) was a record low during the 2010 season, by analyzing the effect of several large-scale factors. The genesis potential index (GPI) can represent, to some extent, the spatial distribution of formation in 2010. However, the GPI does not explain the extremely low TC frequency. No robust relationship between the TC number and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was found. A comparison of the extreme inactive TC year 2010 and extreme active year 1994 was performed, based on the box difference index that can measure the quantitative difference of large-scale environmental factors. Dynamic factors were found to be important in differentiating TC formation over the WNP basin between 2010 and 1994. The remarkable difference of monsoon flows in the WNP basin between these two years may be the cause of the difference in TC formation. The unfavorable conditions for TC genesis in 2010 may have also been due to other large scale factors such as: (1) weak activity of the Madden-Julian Oscillation during the peak season; (2) warming of the sea surface temperature in the tropical Indian Ocean during the peak season, causing the development of an anticyclone over the WNP basin and associated with the westward motion of the monsoon trough, and (3) the phase change of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (more negative) and the two strong La Niña events that have evolved since 2006.     

滇西北剑湖湿地海菜花（Ottelia acuminata）群落物种组成及种群分布格局

群落物种组成及种群分布格局特征是揭示种群发展趋势及与环境相互关系的基础.以滇西北剑湖湿地海菜花群落为对象,采用样方法与扩散系数法对其物种组成与种群分布格局进行研究.结果表明:群落共有物种18种,分属12科、14属,包括沉水、漂浮、浮叶及湿生4类生活型;海菜花(Ottelia acuminata)、豆瓣菜(Nasturtium officinale)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和草茨藻(Najas graminea)呈集群分布,其余种群呈随机分布;海菜花种群个体间拥挤效应最大,种内竞争最为激烈.保育海菜花种源、开展流域和生境治理以减缓湖泊沼泽化进程,是目前剑湖海菜花群落保护的当务之急.     

青海祁漫塔格卡尔却卡铜多金属矿区花岗闪长岩锆石SHRIMP U－Pb测年及其地质意义

笔者在对青海祁漫塔格地区卡尔却卡铜多金属矿床进行典型解剖基础之上,开展了矿区内与矽卡岩型铁铜铅锌多金属矿化具有密切成因联系的花岗闪长岩的岩石地球化学和锆石SHRIMP U-Pb精细定年研究.结果表明:花岗闪长岩为高钾钙碱性系列,轻稀土富集,轻重稀土分异明显,具弱的负铕异常(δEu=0.61～0.91);微量元素以富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Th,亏损Nb、Sr、Ti为特征;获得15个锆石数据点的206Pb/238U年龄为(237±2)Ma(MSWD=0.8),表明岩体形成于中三叠世,属印支期岩浆活动的产物.结合年代学、岩石地球化学和区域地质构造演化特征,笔者认为本区花岗闪长岩形成的构造环境为后碰撞演化阶段.     

城市景观格局与热岛效应研究进展

概述了城市景观格局和城市热岛效应及城市景观格局对城市热岛效应影响等领域的研究现状,探讨了城市景观格局对城市热岛效应的影响作用,并结合城市景观格局研究中的新领域——景观格局优化,提出了解决城市热岛问题的新思路,即通过优化景观格局来达到缓解甚至消除热岛效应。展望了城市景观格局和城市热岛效应研究领域存在的问题和面临的任务。     

Periodical mixing of MORB magmas near East Pacific Rise 13°N: Evidence from modeling and zoned plagioclase phenocrysts

Thirty-six basalt samples from near East Pacific Rise 13°N are analyzed for major and trace elements. Different types of zoned plagioclase phenocrysts in basalts are also backscatter imaged, and major element profiles scanned and analyzed for microprobe. Basalts dredged from a restricted area have evolved to different extents (MgO=9.38wt%—6.76wt%). High MgO basalts are modeled for crystalliza-tion to MgO of about 7wt%, and resulted in the Ni contents (≈28 ppm) that are generally lower than that in observed basalts (>60 ppm). It suggests that low MgO basalts may have experienced more intensive magma mixing. High MgO (9.38wt%) basalt is modeled for self-"mixing-crystallization", and the high Ni contents in low MgO basalts can be generated in small scale and periodical self-mixing of new magma (high MgO). "Mixing-crystallization" processes that low MgO magmas experienced accord with recent 226Ra/230Th disequilibria studies for magma residence time, in which low MgO magmas have experi-enced more circles of "mixing-crystallization" in relatively longer residence time. Magma mixing is not homogeneous in magma chamber, however, low MgO magmas are closer to stable composition pro-duced by periodical "mixing-crystallization", which is also an important reason for magma diversity in East Pacific Rise. Zoned plagioclase phenocrysts can be divided into two types: with and without high An# cores, both of which have multiple reversed An# zones, suggesting periodical mixing of their host magmas. Cores of zoned plagioclase in low MgO (7.45wt%) basalt differ significantly with their mantle in An#, but are similar in An# with microlite cores (products of equilibrium crystallization) in high MgO (9.38wt%) basalt, which further shows that plagioclase phenocryst cores in low MgO basalts may have formed in their parental magmas before entering into the magma chamber.     

海拉尔盆地牧原凹陷油气勘探前景与有利区带目标优选

牧原凹陷是海拉尔盆地群中研究程度和勘探程度均较低的凹陷,尚未取得勘探突破。为明确牧原凹陷的油气资源潜力与勘探前景,开展了野外地质调查、老井复查与烃源岩有机地球化学特征研究等,基本明确了凹陷油气地质条件: ①牧原凹陷具有单断箕状结构,可划分为陡坡带、洼槽带和缓坡带3个构造单元; ②发育大磨拐河组、南屯组和兴安岭群3套有效烃源岩,南屯组、大磨拐河组烃源岩厚度大,分布面积广,有机质类型好,以II₁-I型为主,有机质丰度高,生烃潜量大,热演化进入成熟阶段,是凹陷主力烃源岩,兴安岭群烃源岩有机质丰度高,处于高成熟阶段,虽然厚度与分布有限,也是一套有价值的烃源岩; ③发育兴安岭群的自生自储或上生下储、大磨拐河组与南屯组的自生自储、伊敏组的下生上储3套储盖组合。对比高勘探程度区单断箕状凹陷的成藏规律,结合牧原凹陷自身的地质特点,构建了牧原凹陷油气成藏模式。通过开展区带的初步评价,优选出2个有利区带,提出了勘探目标。     

2000-2018年东亚地区云顶高度的时空变化特征

为了了解区域云顶高度对过去气候变化的响应,基于卫星搭载的MODIS传感器提供的2000年3月至2018年2月MOD03_08_v6.0数据,分析了东亚地区云顶高度2000—2018年的时空变化特征,并探讨其长期变化的原因。研究发现,东亚地区云顶高度呈西南高东北低的特征。云顶高度在东亚地区以0.020 km/a的变率增长,其中大陆东部云顶高度的年际变率为0.035 km/a,东部海域年际变率为0.034 km/a。在东部海域地区云顶高度的变化同海表温度的变化相关性较高,相关系数为0.68,这表明云顶高度的变化受下垫面的影响。在东亚地区30°~40°N区域内,年平均云顶高度的增加较为明显。此外,夏季云顶高度在长江中下游盆地、塔里木盆地、吐鲁番盆地以及四川盆地东北部呈-0.03 km/a的减少趋势,这是由于更多低云的形成降低了云顶高度;冬季云顶高度在东亚地区40°N以北呈下降趋势,而在40°N以南呈增加趋势。