大气动力学中三种Rossby波作用通量的特征差异和适用性比较

大气动力学诊断Rossby波的传播时,通常用波作用通量来表示。常用的三种波作用通量分别为Plumb波作用通量,T-N波作用通量和局地E-P通量。本文详细讨论了这三种方法的特征差异,并结合2016年1月的一次寒潮事件,比较了三种方法在该事件中的适用性。结果表明:1)Plumb波作用通量的纬向分量较大而经向分量较小,适用于振幅较小的纬向均匀的西风带Rossby长波的诊断。2)T-N波作用通量是对Plumb波作用通量的改进,经向分量得以增强,能更好地描述纬向非均匀气流中的较大振幅的西风带Rossby长波扰动。T-N波作用通量计算时,背景场取多年平均的当月气候场较合适,能更好地反映当前季节内的Rossby波传播异常。3)局地E-P通量可以诊断一段时间内天气尺度瞬变波对背景场(定常波)总的调控作用,但无法直接反映Rossby长波的逐时演变(T-N波或Plumb波作用通量则可以)。     

海洋浮游动物粪便通量

海洋浮游动物粪便颗粒的沉降被认为是碳从海洋表层向海底输送的主要途径之一，对研究碳通量和水层－底栖耦合具有重要意义。综述了有关浮游动物粪便的形态、产生率、分解速度和沉降速度的研究，以及近年来沉积物捕捉器样品的研究。虽然通过粪便产生率和沉降速度估计出的粪便通量很大，但是沉积物中粪便颗粒造成的碳通量所占比例不大。因此，对其它沉积途径的研究不容忽视。     

Modeling the Warming Impact of Urban Land Expansion on Hot Weather Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model: A Case Study of Beijing,China

The impacts of three periods of urban land expansion during 1990–2010 on near-surface air temperature in summer in Beijing were simulated in this study, and then the interrelation between heat waves and urban warming was assessed. We ran the sensitivity tests using the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with a single urban canopy model,as well as high-resolution land cover data. The warming area expanded approximately at the same scale as the urban land expansion. The average regional warming induced by urban expansion increased but the warming speed declined slightly during 2000–2010. The smallest warming occurred at noon and then increased gradually in the afternoon before peaking at around 2000 LST—the time of sunset. In the daytime, urban warming was primarily caused by the decrease in latent heat flux at the urban surface. Urbanization led to more ground heat flux during the day and then more release at night, which resulted in nocturnal warming. Urban warming at night was higher than that in the day, although the nighttime increment in sensible heat flux was smaller. This was because the shallower planetary boundary layer at night reduced the release efficiency of near-surface heat. The simulated results also suggested that heat waves or high temperature weather enhanced urban warming intensity at night. Heat waves caused more heat to be stored in the surface during the day, greater heat released at night, and thus higher nighttime warming. Our results demonstrate a positive feedback effect between urban warming and heat waves in urban areas.     

基于定量化植物防御效应的臭氧通量模型的优化

继SUM06、AOT40之后,基于气孔臭氧累计吸收通量（AFstY）的研究方法被广泛应用于臭氧风险评估中.然而通量模型中的阈值Y并不能很好地代表植物对臭氧的抗氧化能力以及自我修复能力,如何动态模拟植物自身的防御机制对于提高臭氧风险评估的准确性尤为重要.本文基于前人的研究成果探讨如何定量化植物对臭氧的防御效应,运用光合定量方法动态模拟伤害阈值并计算臭氧有效吸收通量,运用SODA模型从气孔吸收和质外体解毒两个方面探讨细胞内抗坏血酸对臭氧原生质膜通量的影响,旨在为臭氧通量模型研究开辟一个新的视角,并为后续的臭氧胁迫效应研究打下基础.     

陆面面积平均通量的参数化问

目前,气候和大气边界层物理研究中一个十分重要的研究方向就是面积平均通量的参数化问题。本文对这一研究方向中存在的问题、可能的解决方法和目前的研究进展情况进行了阐述,简要介绍了非均匀陆面影响的高度及其尺度划分,阐述了混合高度、参考层高度（观测高度和模式第一层高度）、近地层高度、内边界层高度、平衡层高度、粗糙度副层和边界层高度等之间的关系及其在非均匀尺度划分中的作用,并且阐述了整体输送公式在不同尺度的非均匀陆面中存在的问题及相应的可能解决办法。同时还对中尺度的非均匀陆面驱动的一类非经典中尺度环流的参数化,即中尺度通量的参数化问题进行了评述。最后针对内蒙古草原实验和青藏高原实验等具体问题,提出了边界层观测和非均匀陆面参数化方法的几点问题。     

Short term variability of Particle fluxes and its relation to variability in sea surface temperature and chlorophylla field detected by Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (OCTS) off Sanriku, northwestern North Pacific in the spring of 1997

A sediment trap experiment was carried out in conjunction with an over flight of Ocean Color Temperature Scanner (OCTS) on board Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS) at 40°N, 143°E off Sanriku in April to May 1997. Short term variability of particle fluxes was examined at depths of 450 m and 600 m from April 6 to May 1 with a sampling interval of two days, and at 450 m with one day interval from 2nd to 10th May. Daily averaged mass flux at 450 m and 600 m was 815 mg m⁻²d⁻¹ and 862 mg m⁻²d⁻¹, respectively. A sharp increase in mass flux was observed during the period from April 26 to April 29 with the highest mass flux of 8 g m⁻²d⁻¹. About 85% of the total mass flux for the entire duration (26 days) was collected within these 4 days. Trapped material during the peak flux period was mainly composed of diatoms dominated byThalassiosira spp. and resting spores ofChaetoceros spp. This suggested that the peak flux was the result of (a) diatom bloom(s) in the euphotic column. Current meter records at 420 m showed that on April 26 and 27, the period when the peak flux was observed, the southwestward current had diminished in strength and changed its direction northwestward. Low current speeds appeared to have enhanced trap efficiency to help form the peak flux. A time series of OCTS Intensive-LAC (Local Area Coverage: Region B) images from mid-March to early May was examined todetect phytoplankton bloom(s). In the March 26th Chl image, high concentration region was restricted to the southwest off Cape Erimo, but spread around the warm core ring (WCR) 93A by April 10. East of the WCR93A, high Chl concentration remained steady until May, but to the west of the WCR93A, Chl decreased rapidly before the 19th of April. From this observation we suspect that the peak flux observed at the end of April originated from a bloom, which ceased on the 17th or 18th of April, in the region north of 40°N and west of 143°E. Taking the current meter records into account, the source region for the trapped material is most likely around southwest of the Cape Erimo.