东海深部致密储层主要钻井技术及其应用

随着东海对深部致密储层油气资源的勘探开发,深井、超深井钻井面临的地层埋藏深、压力体系复杂、地层可钻性差、裸眼段长、井斜大等难题,需要研究可行的技术方案加以解决。为此,2012年以来,在东海实施的深井、超深井中,通过应用深井井身结构优化、高效抗摩减阻剂、动力导向和复合冲击提速技术、井口回注固井技术和随钻声波固井质量评价技术,实现了安全、快速的钻井效果。上述技术的应用对致密地层钻进、提高钻井速度、缩短钻井周期、降低作业成本、获得更好的经济效益,具有重要的保障作用。     

济南东舍坊深基坑工程多种支护方式及变形对比分析

在济南东舍坊项目深基坑工程中,同一深基坑支护工程采用桩锚、悬臂桩、复合土钉墙3种支护方式。对基坑支护设计、监测等内容进行了介绍。监测结果表明,3种支护方式都能满足基坑的安全性要求,符合设计;说明3种支护方式应用于同一深基坑中效果非常好,同时节省了工程造价,缩短了工期。通过变形对比分析,对于本基坑而言,桩锚支护对控制边坡变形效果最好,悬臂桩次之,复合土钉墙最不利。     

预应力锚杆复合土钉墙支护体系增量解析方法

以预应力锚杆复合土钉支护体系受力变形为分析对象,假定潜在滑裂面为平面,并考虑土体分层开挖过程,将施加预应力作为一个施工工况,建立了预应力锚杆复合土钉支护体系受力变形的增量解析方法。锚杆预应力和设置位置影响分析表明,随着锚杆预应力值的增加,潜在滑裂面的倾角逐渐减小,对基坑整体稳定性的贡献先增大后减小;锚杆设置越低,增加预应力对基坑整体稳定性的贡献越大。通过实际基坑支护工程的数值模拟分析与施工过程监测结果的对比分析,验证了考虑预应力锚杆施工过程特点的复合土钉支护体系增量解析方法的合理性。     

素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤变形破坏模式

为了分析素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤沉降变形特征和失稳破坏机制,建立了3组不同桩间距的素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤离心试验模型及其数值模型。结果表明：在路堤填土自重、轨道和车辆荷载作用下,改变桩间距对素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤沉降变形、桩体应变、加筋垫层和桩体破坏模式具有显著的影响;当桩间距不大于4倍桩径时,加筋垫层整体基本保持完好,路堤下素混凝土桩复合地基沉降能逐渐趋于稳定,而桩间距达到6倍桩径后,桩顶刺穿加筋垫层,加筋垫层对桩土变形协调和传递荷载作用失效,素混凝土桩复合地基支承路堤沉降持续增大;当桩间距达到4倍桩径时,素混凝土桩最大应变值发生随上部荷载的增大反而减小的突变现象,最靠近坡脚的素混凝土桩最先产生弯曲破坏而不是剪切破坏,当桩间距增大至6倍桩径时,桩体弯曲破坏逐渐往路堤中心方向发展。     

泥皮存在时防渗墙与复合土工膜联接型式模型试验

防渗墙与复合土工膜联合作为防渗体系已广泛用于围堰工程,但变形不协调易导致联接部位处土工膜的破坏。通过某围堰工程复合土工膜与防渗墙联接部位离心模型试验,模拟防渗墙泥皮及其厚度、堰体填料的沉降变形等,研究不同联接方式时复合土工膜应变的变化规律。试验结果表明：当联接部位处土工膜水平铺设时,土工膜紧靠防渗墙的部位尤其是泥皮范围以内将产生较大应变,当防渗墙与周围堰体的差异变形达到一定量时,土工膜产生拉裂破坏;当土工膜先竖向抬高一段距离后再水平铺设,水平铺设段的土工膜应变明显减小,且随着与防渗墙的距离越远,土工膜应变越小。防渗墙泥皮的存在可有效缓解土工膜局部受力。     

复合式衬砌结构中衬砌分担围岩压力比例的研究

复合式衬砌结构中衬砌分担围岩压力的评价方法是隧道工程技术的重要研究课题之一。依托某新建铁路隧道工程,提出了一种基于监测位移反分析评价围岩和支护应力,进而计算初期支护和衬砌背后压力的方法。根据监测位移和衬砌施作时间,确定初期支护的已发生变形和剩余变形。通过有限元反分析求出与已发生变形和剩余变形相对应的围岩和支护应力,得到初期支护和衬砌背后压力。对比初期支护背后压力及衬砌背后压力的现场监测和反分析的计算结果,两者比较一致,说明了该方法的可行性。该新建隧道初期支护闭合95 d后施作衬砌,计算得到衬砌背后压力约0.04～0.06 MPa,衬砌分担围岩压力比例约13%～16%。研究成果对复合式衬砌结构的设计具有一定的参考意义。     

组合桩在唐山沿海地区的试验应用

唐山沿海地区由于自然历史原因造成土体结构与内陆地区相差甚远,土体结构多层,且上部以软弱粘性土、砂类土为主,使得单一桩型成本较高、效率低、施工难度大且易造成环境污染。针对这些问题并结合本地区地层,设计试验了一套粉喷桩和预应力混凝土管桩相结合的柔刚组合桩施工方法,降低了施工难度、提高了效率、降低了成本,实现桩基施工无泥浆排放的节能环保示范,为类似地区地基基础工程施工提供了借鉴和参考。     

Numerical simulation of dynamic response around shield tunnel in the soft soil area

When a subway train moves through a tunnel, vibrations are generated and transmitted to soils around the tunnel and adjacent structures. Subway train operation has an impact on the shield tunnel lining and the soils around tunnel, especially soft soils that are mostly marine sediments having poor engineering properties. An elastoplastic dynamic finite difference model was built by considering the hysteretic behavior of these marine soft soils and the interaction between the soils and the tunnel to study their dynamic response. Elastic and plastic constitutive models were adopted for tunnel lining and soft soils, respectively. Hysteretic damping was obtained with the Hardin–Drnevich model to reflect the hysteretic behavior of soil under the dynamic load. There are two peaks of the cumulative vertical displacement within 2?s of train moving and it reaches a dynamic balance after 2?s. The soil layers below the shield tunnel are under the compression and the soil layers above the tunnel are in the extrusion state, and turn to uplift. Maximum bending moment and shear forces of lining vary and appear at different places. A parametric study indicates that the speed of train and the interface have an impact on the dynamic behavior of soft soils.     

Wind-induced dynamic amplification effects on the shallow foundation of a horizontal-axis wind turbine

Wind loads are random variables, which induce significantly greater responses in structures than do static loads. We develop a finite-infinite element model of a 2 MW wind turbine using ABAQUS and then verify it with in situ data. The adopted dynamic constitutive model of the soil is based on the Davidenkov skeleton curve. The results demonstrate that the dynamic amplification factors (DAFs) strongly depend on wind speed and spatial position. Considerable values of the DAFs, ground acceleration, and ground velocity are observed, suggesting that the responses of the shallow foundation of a wind turbine are affected by dynamic wind loads.     

Research on Dynamic of Terrestrial System of China: Academic Logic and Synthetic Scheme

Land surface, the environment where human survive and develop, is a synthesis formed with multi-scaled and multi-process interactions between natural factors. The terrestrial system, which is the core study field of physical geography, can be defined as the land surface synthesis with spatially ordered distribution and temporally dynamic balance. In the past century, natural variations and human activities have had profound influences on land surface. How they drove the changed interactions between land surface factors, and further altered the land surface pattern, are the frontier and basis for global change and geography studies. Based on the brief review of research on terrestrial system at home and abroad, the paper summarized the existing difficulties and problems, and then proposed the academic logic for studies of dynamic of terrestrial system. The research should be conducted following the logic of elements, patterns and dynamic, with emphasis on themes of processes and feedback, variation in regions and terrestrial system. At last, the synthetic scheme was designed for research on dynamic of terrestrial system. Aimed at innovation of regionalization methodology and detection on driving mechanism of dynamic of terrestrial system, the following four aspects should be included: Changes and interaction mechanism of key factors (i.e. water, soil, climate and plant) and their spatial-temporal variation; Quantifying the influences of factor interactions on regionalization formation and conversion; Quantified assessment on changing tendency and magnitude of land surface pattern under global climate change; Accomplishment of dynamic land surface pattern at different past and future stages. Correspondingly, the technical route should combine bottom-up and top-down methodologies, with field survey, earth observation, station monitoring and mathematical simulation to build the comprehensive database. Conducting research on dynamic of terrestrial system can be helpful for developing theory of integrated physical geography, deepening cognition on dynamic land surface pattern, and providing scientific basis for regional sustainable resources utilization and countermeasure establishment of climate change adaptation.