Impact of flooded rice paddy on remotely sensed evapotranspiration in the Krishna River basin,India

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the major water exchange processes between the earth's surface and the atmosphere. ET is a combined process of evaporation from open water bodies, bare soil and plant surfaces, and transpiration from vegetation. Remote sensing-based ET models have been developed to estimate spatially distributed ET over large regions, however, many of them reportedly underestimate ET over semi-arid regions (Jamshidi et al., Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2019, 20, 947–964). In this work, we show that underestimation of ET can occur due to the open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies ignored in the existing ET models. To address the gap in ET estimation, we have developed a novel approach that accounts for the missing ET component over flooded rice paddies. Our method improved ET estimates by a modified Penman-Monteith algorithm that considered the fraction of open water evaporation from flooded rice paddies. Daily ET was calculated using ground based meteorological data and the MODIS satellite data over the Krishna River Basin. Seasonal and annual ET values over the Krishna Basin were compared with two different ET algorithms. ET estimates from these two models were also compared for different crop combinations. Results were validated with flux tower-based measurements from other studies. We have identified a 17 mm/year difference in average annual ET over the Krishna River Basin with this new ET algorithm. This is very critical in basin scale water balance analysis and water productivity studies.     

Direct Conversion of Food Waste into 3D Porous Carbon Traps for Selective Adsorption of Cationic Dyes

Conversion of waste biomass into valuable functional materials accomplishes the concept of circular economy in the development of sustainable waste management, and also recovery of such resources possibly reduces the requirement of feedstocks. In this scenario, the development of methodologies toward the direct conversion of the raw biomass into solid adsorbent materials without the use of any templates is highly desirable, but exceptionally challenging due to the complexity of the process. Here the direct synthesis of 3D porous carbon traps by a simple, cost-effective, and template-free process starting from a kitchen-based recipe and fermented food waste is described. Precisely, a robust carbon trap is formed with a spongy structure and highly interconnected hierarchical pores after the pyrolysis of a rice-based foam in the air. The developed materials float on water and interact efficiently with cationic dyes at static conditions. Importantly, such performance of the 3D carbon traps is not affected in the presence of anionic dyes, indicating the excellent selectivity towards the adsorption of cationic dyes. The adsorbent can be easily recovered and reused for up to 3 cycles without releasing any byproducts, thus, without causing hazardous risk of any secondary pollution to the environment.     

不同孔隙流体下延长组砂岩波速各向异性的实验研究

利用Autolab 2000岩石物性测试设备,在0~200 MPa及三种不同孔隙流体条件下（干燥、水饱和及油饱和）研究了三种来自延长油田延长组的砂岩沿平行和垂直层面两个方向（即H和V）的纵波、横波速度,并分别计算了这些弹性波速的各向异性系数.结果表明：三种砂岩Y1、Y2和Y3两个方向上的VP、VSH和VSV均随围压增加而基本呈对数函数形式变化,且纵波饱油曲线的斜率远大于饱水;Y1、Y2砂岩H方向的VP、VSH和VSV在干燥、饱水和饱油条件下基本上均大于对应的V方向的波速;干燥、饱水和饱油条件下Y1、Y2的波速各向异性系数ε、γ和ζ和围压之间呈指数或二次函数降低;Y1、Y2、Y3三个岩样之间的速度各向异性差异明显,以Y2的各向异性最显著,其次是Y1,而Y3基本没有各向异性.另外,Y1、Y2的各向异性系数ε、γ和ζ之间表现出明显的与压力和流体状态相关性,且在实验压力范围内,饱油条件下的ε、γ均大于对应的饱水条件.实验结果可以为该地区地震资料的解释、油水层划分及与声波测井之间的对比提供重要的基础数据.     

潮湿环境中稻草的防腐效果及极限拉伸性能

滨海盐渍土存在盐胀、溶陷和吸湿软化等问题,需对其进行处理。设想使用高分子材料SH胶防腐处理稻草,以防腐后的稻草加筋滨海盐渍土。为评价浸胶稻草的防腐效果及其力学性能,测试了天然和浸泡SH胶稻草的吸水率,及天然、浸水、浸胶及浸胶后再浸海水稻草的极限拉力和极限延伸率。结果表明：（1）浸胶稻草与天然稻草相比,吸水率最多可降低50%,证实防腐效果较好;（2）浸胶后,稻草的极限延伸率和极限拉力最大提高了26%和23%;（3）同是浸泡在海水中,浸胶后稻草较天然稻草,其极限延伸率和极限拉力的最大增长率为12%和11%;（4）浸胶稻草的SEM照片观察及能谱分析表明,SH胶包裹了纤维并进入到稻草的孔隙中,增强了纤维间的联结,提高了稻草的极限抗拉性能。SH胶防腐后的稻草作为加筋材料是可行的。     

LAPS资料在一次鄂东初夏暴雨分析中的应用

利用常规气象资料和武汉暴雨研究所实时业务运行的LAPS资料,从环流背景、影响天气系统、物理量场、干侵入等方面,对2008年初夏发生在湖北东部的一次暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明：这次强降雨是受西风槽与西南涡东移、地面冷锋南下的影响而发生的;暴雨初期鄂东中高层出现水汽辐合,相应地中高层相对湿度与比湿增加;低层首先出现空气质量辐合,随后高层出现空气质量辐散,低层辐合与高层辐散都比强降水发生要早;鄂东暴雨期间低层维持大量云系活动。暴雨期间有随着高度增加而向东倾斜的干侵入前沿活动,这加强了当地上空中、低层对流不稳定层结,并为强降雨发生蓄积了能量;后期由于动力性条件触发,层结转化为中性,对流发展、能量释放而产生强降雨。通过暴雨个例分析发现,LAPS资料能够比较深刻地揭示出该次强降雨发生、发展的机理。     

A2和B2排放情景下气候变化对福建省水稻生产的阶段性影响

选择IPCC排放情景特别报告(SRES)中的A2和B2方案,利用区域气候模式PRECIS构建的气候变化情景文件与作物模型(CERES-Rice)耦合,采用雨养与灌溉两种方式,并综合考虑未来CO2浓度增加带来的直接增益效应,模拟了未来2020s及2040s两个时段气候变化对福建省水稻生育期与产量的影响。结果表明:无论是雨养方式还是灌溉方式,未来全省各稻区水稻生育期都将缩短,并且随着温度增高,2040s时段缩短的时间较2020s更长,单季稻生育期缩短时间最长,可达15~20 d。雨养条件下,除了闽东南双季稻区后季稻在2020s时段表现为2.3%(A2)和3.1%(B2)较小幅度的增产外,其他稻区各种稻作制度下的水稻产量较之BASE均出现了不同幅度的减产。闽西北稻区后季稻减产幅度最大,2020s时段A2和B2情景下减产幅度依次为6.9%和10.2%,2040s时段减产幅度进一步加大至14.1%和15.6%。闽东南稻区后季稻模拟结果较为乐观,尤其是在灌溉条件下表现为不同幅度的增产,两种情景下分别增产了1.7%、3.9%。双季稻种植区的后季稻产量稳定性均不如早稻和单季稻的,且随着温度升高,到2040s产量不稳定性有增加的趋势。灌溉在一定程度上可以缓解未来高温天气带来的产量波动。从全省的总产变化趋势来看,A2和B2两种排放情景模拟的结果都不容乐观,即使采用充分灌溉的方式,也依旧表现为减产。2020s时段,两种情景下分别减产0.74%与2.44%;2040s时段,两种情景下减产为3.50%与3.23%。未来早稻和单季稻生长季的土壤水分条件将变得不如目前湿润,与之相关的灌溉需要量均有所增加。     

Drought and institutional adaptation in the Great Plains of Alberta and Saskatchewan, 1914–1939

Agriculture in the southern Great Plains of Canada has been particularly vulnerable to prolonged episodes of drought. Using climate data and a precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration index, the extent of the region’s exposure to drought is examined. Between 1914 and 1917, the Dry Belt was particularly vulnerable to drought, whereas after 1928, a much larger region known as the Palliser Triangle covering most of southern Alberta and Saskatchewan was much more exposed to drought. These droughts provoked major institutional adaptation, in particular the establishment of the Special Areas Board by the Government of Alberta, and the creation of the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration by the Government of Canada. Both organizations have proved to be relatively permanent public adaptations to the natural hazard of drought in the region. Moreover, these earlier experiences with prolonged drought as well as institution-building may be of value in helping the residents of the Palliser Triangle adapt to predicted climate changes in the future as well as anticipate some of the barriers to effective institutional adaptation.     

水稻籽实及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究——以几个金土地工程土地整理区为例

通过对水稻籽实（大米）及其根系土壤中镉含量的相关性研究表明：酸性水稻土壤区域,根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．971,说明大米中镉积累与土壤环境中镉含量密切相关。碱性水稻土壤区域,水稻根系土中的镉与水稻籽实中的镉相关系数为0．265,大米中镉含量较低,碱性土壤中镉不易活化而原地淀积,则根系土壤中镉对大米中镉的富集贡献小。水稻根系土壤中有机质（Org）与镉相关系数为0．59,也较为显著。土壤中有机质对重金属元素镉具正吸附作用,有机质含量越高,重金属元素镉呈难吝硫化物而原地淀积。     

Mangrove forest dynamics in Tanintharyi,Myanmar from 1989–2014, and the role of future economic and political developments

Mangrove forests in Southeast Asia provide many ecosystem services, though are experiencing extensive deforestation, especially in Myanmar. Recent political and economic reforms in Myanmar are projected to further increase development pressures on natural resources. Mangrove forests in the southern state of Tanintharyi have largely been spared clearance because of poor infrastructure and a volatile security situation, though this may change with plans for economic expansion. We quantified land cover dynamics and proximate drivers of mangrove deforestation in Tanintharyi between 1989 and 2014 using a remote sensing approach over five time intervals. Tanintharyi experienced low mangrove cover loss overall, as compared with other regions of Myanmar, with 3.2 per cent being deforested over 25 years. However, this statistic hides large site‐specific losses and gains, which varied significantly within the study area. Myeik district lost 210 km² of mangrove over 25 years, but also gained 132 km². Dawei and Kawthung had minimal net loss of mangroves because of extensive mangrove regeneration. This historical mangrove baseline is essential for supporting environmentally‐conscious development in Myanmar's southernmost state.     

Mapping cropland fallow areas in myanmar to scale up sustainable intensification of pulse crops in the farming system

Cropland fallows are the next best-bet for intensification and extensification, leading to increased food production and adding to the nutritional basket. The agronomical suitability of these lands can decide the extent of usage of these lands. Myanmar’s agricultural land (over 13.8 Mha) has the potential to expand by another 50% into additional fallow areas. These areas may be used to grow short-duration pulses, which are economically important and nutritionally rich, and constitute the diets of millions of people as well as provide an important source of livestock feed throughout Asia. Intensifying rice fallows will not only improve the productivity of the land but also increase the income of the smallholder farmers. The enhanced cultivation of pulses will help improve nutritional security in Myanmar and also help conserve natural resources and reduce environmental degradation. The objectives of this study was to use remote sensing methods to identify croplands in Myanmar and cropland fallow areas in two important agro-ecological regions, delta and coastal region and the dry zone. The study used moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250-m, 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maximum value composite (MVC), and land surface water index (LSWI) for one 1 year (1 June 2012–31 May 2013) along with seasonal field-plot level information and spectral matching techniques to derive croplands versus cropland fallows for each of the three seasons: the monsoon period between June and October; winter period between November and February; and summer period between March and May. The study showed that Myanmar had total net cropland area (TNCA) of 13.8 Mha. Cropland fallows during the monsoon season account for a meagre 2.4% of TNCA. However, in the winter season, 56.5% of TNCA (or 7.8 Mha) were classified as cropland fallows and during the summer season, 82.7% of TNCA (11.4 Mha) were cropland fallows. The producer’s accuracy of the cropland fallow class varied between 92 and 98% (errors of omission of 2 to 8%) and user’s accuracy varied between 82 and 92% (errors of commission of 8 to 18%) for winter and summer, respectively. Overall, the study estimated 19.2 Mha cropland fallows from the two major seasons (winter and summer). Out of this, 10.08 Mha has sufficient moisture (either from rainfall or stored soil water content) to grow short-season pulse crops. This potential with an estimated income of US$ 300 per hectare, if exploited sustainably, is estimated to bring an additional net income of about US$ 1.5 billion to Myanmar per year if at least half (5.04 Mha) of the total cropland fallows (10.08 Mha) is covered with short season pulses.