中国西北夏季干湿特征分析

近45 a来中国西北夏季干湿的长期变化趋在不同的分区内有所差异,但位于西北西部的地区目前正处于偏湿阶段,而西北东部的地区目前正处于偏干阶段,同时整个西北地区近45 a来偏旱的年份多于偏湿的年份;东亚大槽比较稳定、深厚、新疆脊强,副热带高压偏东偏南是中国西北干旱年500 hPa高度场的显著特点,而东亚大槽比较浅薄、新疆脊比较弱,副热带高压偏西偏北是湿润年500 hPa高度场的显著特点。     

干振碎石桩加固液化地基试验研究

根据高速公路工程液化地基加固试验研究 ,对干振碎石桩加固液化地基的原理、效果、检验方法进行讨论。研究成果表明 ,干振碎石桩用于处理液化地基具有较大的优越性。处理后地基均消除了液化。瞬态瑞利波法具有快捷可靠的优点 ,可以在地基处理质量检测中推广使用。     

中国地区沙尘气溶胶输送过程的数值模拟

本文建立了一个包含沙尘起沙、输送、干沉积和湿沉积过程的气溶胶输送扩散模式．并和中尺度气候模式RIEMS相连接研究了1998年1月、4月、7月和1997年10月的沙尘起沙、输送、干沉积和湿沉积的过程。计算1998年1月、4月、7月和1997年10月气溶胶浓度及其分布．并和这四个月份的平均起沙分布以及北京、郑州和南京的实例沙尘分布作了比较．结果表明我国起沙多发生在春季．同时春季也是我国沙尘强度最大的季节。沙尘在我国西北的沙地和沙漠地区起沙后．向我国的东南方向输送．在输送过程中沙尘浓度逐渐降低。     

Visibility trends in six megacities in China 1973–2007

The particulate matter pollution has been serious in Chinese megacities due to the rapidly expanding economic and industrial developments, which has significant influences in atmospheric visibility. Visibility is a highly relevant factor indicating the level of atmospheric quality, and is inversely related to the optical extinction coefficient caused by gas and particle phases. In our study, visibility trends for six major megacities (Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Xi'an) in China were evaluated during 1973–2007 on the basis of the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) database using four measurement methods: the days per year of daily visibility < 10 km, the days per year of daily visibility > 19 km, the annual mean visibility, and the dry extinction coefficient. The annual and seasonal change trends of visibility for each city were analyzed by using a linear regression model. The annual mean visibilities for the six cities (Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Xi'an) were 10.67, 8.60, 10.76, 8.59, 8.16, and 9.74 km respectively. Shenyang has experienced a significant increasing trend during the entire time series while visibilities for other five sites showed decreasing trends especially since the middle of 1990s. In the southern and midwestern regions (Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Xi'an), visibility was best in summer, whereas in the northern regions (Beijing and Shenyang), visibility was best in spring. Mean visibility in spring was worst at Guangzhou, while for the other five cities visibility in winter was worst, probably because of coal burning during the heating period. The general degradation of visibility in these megacities was probably due to the excess aerosol loading. Consequently, an urgent targeted reduction of aerosol pollution may be needed for the sake of better air quality in Chinese megacities.     

承德市干湿岛效应及其城市化影响分析

提出用城市站与郊区站相对湿度的差值作为干湿岛强度指标,利用趋势分析等统计分析方法,分析了承德市1964—2007年的空气湿度变化及城市化影响,结果表明：承德市近44 a空气湿度呈明显增加趋势,尤以近10 a最为明显,且由1988年以前的干岛特征逐渐转成了近10 a的湿岛特征,以夏季、秋季的湿岛效应最为明显,湿度场的明显变化主要来源于城市化影响。     

我国东南沿海干热岩赋存前景及与靶区选址研究

干热岩资源是未来重要的清洁型能源,干热岩资源靶区选址是进行干热岩资源开发利用最基础的工作。本文在综合国内外相关干热岩开发项目的基础上,系统总结了干热岩选址的地热地质学指标,并对我国东南沿海地区的干热岩赋存背景进行论述,选取了广东阳江新州、广东惠州黄沙洞、雷琼断陷盆地、海南陵水等几个地区作为我国东南沿海干热岩开发的重点潜力靶区,在综合分析各靶区深部地热地质背景、深部热异常的基础上,建立了研究区深部温度场模型,进行了干热岩资源靶区选址对比研究,对下一步优先勘查靶区及勘查方案提出了建议。     

雅鲁藏布植被类型及与侵蚀类型的关系

雅鲁藏布流域发育高山垫状植被、干旱河谷植被、沙洲植被、亚热带植被和高山冰川植被等多种类型的植被,与各种侵蚀类型相互克制又相互适应。通过2年的野外调查和采样分析研究植被分布规律和与各种侵蚀的相互关系。峡谷亚热带植被的物种多样性、覆盖度和植被厚度都很高,水力和风力侵蚀完全被克制,但是重力侵蚀和泥石流侵蚀发育。高山垫状植被由...     

广西地区一次强冰雹过程形成机制分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、MM5数值模拟资料和多普勒雷达产品,对广西北部2006年4月9~10日的一次强冰雹过程进行动力诊断分析。结果表明,强对流过程发生前期存在的暖干盖,为对流有效位能CAPE的积蓄提供了有利条件。中低层风切变的增加,促进了高低层能量的交换,揭开暖干盖,触发了强对流的爆发。高层位涡的向下输送,引起了低层涡度的变化,形成了低层辐合高层辐散,使得强对流过程得以维持和发展。强对流风暴强中心位于500 hPa以上,低层存在弱回波区,风暴中心的上升从低层到高层发生倾斜,并且沿顺时针方向旋转。     

Trickle or treat: The dynamics of nutrient export from polar glaciers

Cold‐based polar glacier watersheds contain well‐defined supraglacial, ice‐marginal, and proglacial elements that differ in their degree of hydrologic connectivity, sources of water (e.g., snow, ice, and/or sediment pore water), meltwater residence times, allochthonous and autochthonous nutrient, and sediment loads. We investigated 11 distinct hydrological units along the supraglacial, ice marginal, and proglacial flow paths that drain Joyce Glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. We found that these units play unique and important roles as sources and/or sinks for dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic phosphorus and for specific fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as waters are routed from the glacier into nutrient‐poor downstream ecosystems. Changes in nutrient export from the glacial system as a whole were observed as the routing and residence times of meltwater changed throughout the melt season. The concentrations of major ions in the proglacial stream were inversely proportional to discharge, such that there was a relatively constant “trickle” of these solutes into downstream ecosystems. In contrast, NO₃^? concentrations generally increased with discharge, resulting in delivery of episodic pulses of dissolved inorganic nitrogen‐rich water (“treats”) into those same ecosystems during high discharge events. DOM concentrations or fluorescence did not correlate with discharge rate, but high variability in DOM concentrations or fluorescence suggests that DOM may be exported downstream as episodic treats, but with spatial and/or temporal patterns that remain poorly understood. The strong, nutrient‐specific responses to changes in hydrology suggest that polar glacier drainage systems may export meltwater with nutrient compositions that vary within and between melt seasons and watersheds. Because nutrient dynamics identified in this study differ between glacier watersheds with broadly similar hydrology, climate, and geology, we emphasize the need to develop conceptual models of nutrient export that thoroughly integrate the biogeochemical and hydrological processes that control the sources, fate, and export of nutrients from each system.     

Linkages between soybean and neotropical deforestation: Coupling and transient decoupling dynamics in a multi-decadal analysis

Soybean expansion, driven by growing global meat demand, has accompanied neotropical deforestation in past decades. A recent decoupling between soybean production and deforestation in Brazil is taken as evidence of efficient deforestation regulation. Here, we assessed the relationships between soybean economy, livestock production and deforestation from 1972 to 2011 in Northern Argentina Dry Chaco. We used Panel Analysis to evaluate the relationship between soybean cultivated and deforested area in different periods and we used high resolution time series analysis of a deforestation hotspot, to explore links between soybean economy, cattle ranching and deforestation. In northern Argentina, 2.7 millions ha were deforested from 1972 to 2011, 56% of which occurred after 2002. The results of the Panel analysis indicate a strong link between soybean expansion and deforestation but with variation among periods mediated by the links between soybean and livestock productions. Deforestation was strongly coupled with soybean expansion during the 1972–1997 and 2002–2011 periods; but was largely decoupled between 1997 and 2002, when strong increments in production were accompanied by low deforestation. The high resolution analysis also indicated contrasting levels of association after and before 1997. The soybean deforestation decoupled periods in Brazil and Argentina shared similarly weak economic incentives for soybean production, rapid technological innovation and preceding high deforestation periods. In the Argentine case, when economic incentives turned positive after a 5-years decoupled period, new government measures were unable to regulate deforestation. Our study suggests that macroeconomic factors can be a much stronger deforestation force compared with domestic legal frameworks. Effectiveness of neotropical deforestation regulation should be carefully monitored and interpreted with caution paying special attention to global economic context for soybean expansion.