Interpretation of the lime column penetration test

Dry soil mix (DSM) columns can be used to reduce the settlement of embankments constructed on soft clays and to improve the stability. During construction the shear strength of the columns needs to be confirmed for compliance with technical assumptions. However, the measurement of the column shear strength can be a contentious issue. All methods of assessing the ultimate shear strength of DSM columns have limitations. These are caused by uncertainties in empirical probe factors required to convert pullout or push in force measured during the lime column penetration test to shear strength and/or testing a small proportion of the DSM column volume and determining whether it is representative of the strength of the entire column. The penetration resistance measured using the lime column test is considered to be more representative of average column shear strength than some other test types. This test can be carried out as a pullout resistance test (PORT) or a push in resistance test (PIRT). Both PORT and PIRT require empirical correlations of measured resistance to an absolute measure of shear strength, in a similar manner to the Piezocone test. In this paper, finite element techniques developed for assessment of T-bar, Ball and Piezocone penetration tests ,  and  are used to assess bounds for the empirical probe factor, N. To simulate the cemented DSM columns, analyses have incorporated a model for a strain softening material. Measured settlements from an embankment constructed on DSM ground improvement are then compared with finite element calculations to infer the shear strength of the columns. These inferred shear strengths are then compared with the results of PORT tests performed beneath the embankment.     

密度及水分状态对黄土状粉土变形特征的影响

以三门峡地区黄土状粉土为研究对象,通过控制重塑土样的干密度及含水率制备不同状态下的试样,在非饱和土三轴仪上采用不固结不排水试验法,对试样进行试验.试验结果表明:试样的密度及水分状态对土的应力-应变曲线特征有着重要影响,在不同干密度及含水率下分别出现应力软化和应力硬化两种曲线形态;试样的破坏偏应力随干密度的增大而升高、随...     

Impact of rainfall variability and grazing pressure on plant diversity in Mongolian grasslands

Climate and grazing are the main drivers of plant community composition and species richness in arid environments. This study aimed to examine the vegetation response to a spatial precipitation gradient, interannual rainfall variability, and grazing pressure in Mongolia. To examine the effect of a spatial precipitation gradient, we compared species richness among six sites. To investigate the effects of interannual rainfall variability and grazing pressure, we compared species richness for 2 years at two sites, in desert-steppe and steppe areas. The regional gradient in annual precipitation showed positive and negative relationships with grass richness and shrub richness, respectively, although total species richness did not vary significantly. The proportions of the different functional groups were affected by grazing pressure and rainfall variability in both zones. In the desert-steppe zone, species richness was lower in the drier year but did not vary with grazing pressure. In the steppe zone, species richness varied significantly with grazing pressure but did not vary between years. Precipitation would be more important than grazing pressure on vegetation changes in drier areas with high rainfall variability.     

Time of collection and cutting sizes affect vegetative propagation of Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst through leafless branch cuttings

Boswellia papyrifera (Del) Hochst is a key dry land plant species in the Horn of Africa with high socio-economic significance in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Sudan. In recent decades, populations of this species are declining due to lack of recruitment through natural regeneration. This study investigated the potential of vegetative propagation using leafless branch cuttings as an alternative means of reproduction for the species. The effect of time of collection and cutting sizes (length and thickness) on shooting and rooting of the cuttings was investigated. The effects of these three factors were analysed, two-by-two, in three separate factorial experiments each arranged in a randomized complete block design. Time of collection affected cutting performance: shooting percent, shoot number, cutting vigour, leaf number, leaf length, rooting percent and root length were best when cuttings were collected in February-March, and weakest in May. Medium to long cuttings (1.0 m-2.0 m) and thicker cuttings (0.19-0.27 m) performed better than shorter or thinner cuttings. These results indicate that B. papyrifera is amenable to macro-propagation via leafless branch cuttings. Reproduction of B. papyrifera through macro-propagation may help overcome the population recruitment bottleneck of this important species and will help the long-term yield possibilities of its precious product frankincense.     

成都大气混合层厚度的计算和分析

用国家标准ＧＢ／Ｔ１３２０１中规定的方法计算了成都１９８０～１９９１年的大气混合层厚度，并用于绝热法和罗氏法计算了成都１９８８年的大气混合层厚度，结果表明：成都大气混合层厚度逐年变化不大，有明显的季节变化和日变化，大气稳定度是决定混合层厚度的主要因子。３种方法的对比表明：罗氏法比国家标准法更接近干绝热法的结果，因此在有常规地面观测资料的地方用罗氏法更准确些。     

Effects of climate anomaly on rainfall,groundwater depth,and soil moisture on peatlands in South Sumatra,Indonesia

Climate anomalies can cause natural disasters such as severe fires and floods on peatlands in South Sumatra. Factors that affect the natural disasters on peatlands include rainfall, groundwater level, and soil moisture. This paper aims to study the effect of the climate anomalies in 2019 and 2020 and effects of these influencing factors on peatlands in South Sumatra. The data used in this study was derived from in-situ measurement at two SESAME’s measurement stations in the study area. The results indicate that in the 2019 dry season, the rainfall was minimal, the lowest groundwater table depth was ?1.14 m and the lowest soil moisture was 3.4%. In the 2020 dry season, rainfall was above the monthly average of 100 mm, the lowest groundwater level was ?0.44 m, and the lowest soil moisture was 26.64%. There is also a strong correlation between soil moisture and groundwater table depth. The correlation between the two is stronger when there is less rainfall.     

青海共和盆地结构构造与能源资源潜力

共和盆地处于西秦岭、南祁连、东昆仑造山带结合部,其中发现了高温干热岩及多套烃源岩,但地热藏和油气藏的成因、资源潜力与分布规律尚不清楚,难以对其开展准确评价和有效勘探开发。本文在系统研究共和盆地及周缘地层发育、沉积充填、构造变形与盆地深部结构的基础上,深入探讨了盆地演化的动力学机制,分析了盆地地热藏和油气藏的成藏主控因素,预测了有利分布区带和勘探方向。多期活动的哇洪山—温泉、多禾茂、瓦里贡、塘格木右行走滑逆冲断裂与青海南山左行走滑逆冲断裂异向、同向相交(切),叠加地幔上涌作用,导致在中新生代共和盆地长期处于走滑-伸展的独特环境,并控制了盆地7个隆起、断陷构造单元的展布及属性。它经历了6期演化阶段：早中三叠世处于昆北弧前盆地及陆缘火山弧带,共和盆地基底主要岩石发育;晚三叠世阿尼玛卿洋闭合并发生碰撞造山,共和盆地褶皱基底形成;晚三叠纪末期发生碰撞后伸展,发育初始小型陆内裂谷盆地;在侏罗纪—白垩纪区域性伸展环境下形成局部断陷盆地;古近纪晚期—中新世发育拉分-断陷盆地;中新世末至今发育陆内前陆盆地。形成了3个大构造-沉积层序和8个亚层序,发育了深海陆棚相-碳酸盐岩台地相-火成岩相以及多旋回的冲积...     

东特提斯域思茅盆地钾盐成矿研究进展

思茅盆地位于东特提斯域,其内的勐野井钾盐矿是我国唯一的前第四纪固体钾盐矿,长期以来对此钾盐矿与呵叻巨型钾盐盆地的资源量差异和成因存在着有较大争议。特别是如下几个问题:其钾盐成矿时代是晚白垩世和古新世,还是侏罗纪的争议;其物质来源还存在陆源,海源和多源的不同认识;矿床成因机理模式也悬而未决。本文在前人研究基础上,结合项目组的最新进展,对上述这些问题的进行梳理与评述认为:勐野井组地层为晚白垩世Albian-Cenomanian期,同沉积的原生钾盐也是在此时期富集成矿;钾盐成矿后期特别是约14Ma以来,受到多期次的热液流体作用,形成次生脉状钾盐:钾盐成矿物质可能以中特提斯洋侵入的海水为主,辅以陆源水体和深部流体。总结认为,思茅与呵叻等盆地在晚白垩世都是干旱沙漠环境中彼此隔绝的小湖盆,随着中特提斯洋海水自西向东的入侵,海水由思茅流向了呵叻,形成了统一的思茅-呵叻海,这个模型可以解释有关成钾物源及思茅与呵叻盆地的成钾关系。思茅盆地钾盐矿的形成和后期变化始终受到了构造活动的控制,经历了最初断陷阶段,到沉积后期受印度-欧亚大陆碰撞导致的挤压和走滑运动影响。     

北京“7.21”暴雨的不稳定性及其触发机制分析

本文利用WRF模拟的高分辨率资料对2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨过程的对流不稳定和条件对称不稳定性及其触发和维持机制进行了诊断分析。分析结果表明:(1)在临近暴雨发生时刻及暴雨初期, 大气低层主要以对流不稳定为主, 随后对流触发, 不稳定性减弱, 而低空急流和湿斜压性的增强, 使得条件性对称不稳定加强, 维持和加强了暴雨的不稳定性。(2)分析表明, 在暴雨过程中主要由于较强的水平风的垂直切变造成湿位涡的斜压分量异常, 从而导致条件性对称不稳定的产生。(3)本文分别对暴雨发生过程中的对流不稳定与条件对称不稳定的触发机制进行了分析, 主要结论如下:暴雨初期对流性降水阶段, 切变线上有利的垂直上升环境与地形的强迫抬升相互配合, 触发了对流性降水。另外, 北京上空的干冷空气入侵, 也增强了大气的对流不稳定性, 更易触发对流;对称不稳定导致的降水阶段, 主要是由于北京上空冷暖空气的长期对峙, 冷空气逐渐深入到暖湿空气下方, 使得暖湿气团沿冷气团爬升, 从而触发对称不稳定, 造成持续性降水。此次暴雨过程中0900～1300 UTC时刻暴雨增幅的重要原因是0900 UTC北京风向突变, 转为偏东风, 且风速骤增, 北京西北侧的喇叭口状的地形的强迫抬升作用, 与上空750 hPa移来的切变线上的垂直运动相互叠加, 形成中尺度涡旋, 产生了强烈的上升运动, 触发不稳定, 产生大暴雨。     

RCP4.5情景下中国未来干湿变化预估

本文采用国际耦合模式比较计划第五阶段(CMIP5)中21个气候模式的试验数据, 利用土壤湿度以及由其他8个地表气象要素计算所得的干旱指数, 预估了RCP4.5(Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5)情景下21世纪中国干湿变化。结果表明:全球气候模式对1986～2005年中国现代干湿分布具备模拟能力, 尽管在西部地区模式与观测间存在一定的差异。在RCP4.5情景下, 21世纪中国区域平均的标准化降水蒸散发指数和土壤湿度均有减小趋势, 与之对应的是短期和长期干旱发生次数增加以及湿润区面积减小。从2016到2100年, 约1.5%～3.5%的陆地面积将从湿润区变成半干旱或半湿润区。空间分布上, 干旱化趋势明显的区域主要位于西北和东南地区, 同时短期和长期干旱发生次数在这两个地区的增加幅度也最大, 未来干旱化的发生时间也较其他地区要早;只在东北和西南地区未来或有变湿倾向, 但幅度较小。在季节尺度上, 北方地区变干主要发生在暖季, 南方则主要以冷季变干为主。造成中国干旱化的原因主要是由降水与蒸散发所表征的地表可用水量减少。