Socio-economic drivers of deforestation in Roghani Valley,Hindu-Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan

Deforestation and associated ecological disturbances are the issues of global concern.Researchers have investigated a number of driving forces which accelerate the rate of deforestation at local and regional levels.These include poverty,population growth,market demand and prices,political instability,agricultural expansion and changes in property right and ownership regimes.This paper seeks to explore the impacts of population growth,changing tenure system and other socioeconomic factors on the forest cover of Roghani Valley,located in Hindu Raj Mountains,Northern Pakistan.The present study is mainly based on information collected through participatory observation,selfadministered interviews and questionnaire survey.Geographical Information System（GIS） database is also used for mapping and quantification.The results reveal that in the past three to four decades the study area has been subjected to severe deforestation and about half of the forest area has been converted into barren land.Thus,the area under natural forests decreased from 2099 to 1444 hectares in four decades.This large-scale deforestation is attributed to both proximate and under lying causes particularly traditional land tenure system and demographic development.Consequently,forest resources have been degraded and a number of plant species have disappeared from the forests of the study area while several others are in the process of disappearance.     

广州市雷暴日数变化特征分析

通过对广州基准站(站号59287,纬度23.00°N,经度113.13°E,海拔高度10.4m)1951-2007年的雷暴观测资料进行对比统计分析,总结出广州市雷暴日数气候变化规律和特征,得到了一些对防雷减灾工作有积极意义的分析结果.     

土地利用变更的遥感应用分析

发现变化区域和变更类型是土地利用变更信息提取的主要任务,随着遥感技术的发展,土地利用变化信息提取的方法趋向于结合高分辨率的卫星影像和现有的影像处理方法来产生变化信息模板。本文全面总结分析了土地利用变更信息获取的技术和方法,并在此基础上进一步研究了基于RS和GIS技术的土地利用变更信息获取技术方法,以及高分辨率遥感影像在土地利用变更信息提取中的应用分析。     

基于改进DeepLabv3+孪生网络的遥感影像变化检测方法

传统遥感影像变化检测方法依赖人工构建特征,算法设计复杂且精度不高;而将2幅不同时相影像叠加后输入神经网络的遥感影像变化检测方法会造成不同时相的特征相互影响,难以保持原始影像的高维特征,且模型鲁棒性较差。因此,本文提出一种基于改进DeepLabv3+孪生网络的遥感影像变化检测方法,以经典DeepLabv3+网络的编解码结构为基础对网络进行改进:(1)在编码阶段利用共享权值的孪生网络提取特征,通过2个输入端分别接收2幅遥感影像,以保留不同时相影像的高维特征;(2)在特征融合中用密集空洞空间金字塔池化模型代替空洞空间金字塔池化模型,通过密集连接的方式结合每个空洞卷积的输出,以提高对不同尺度目标分割的精度;(3)在解码阶段中针对不同层级特征图信息差异较大,难以融合的问题,引入基于注意力机制的特征对齐模型,引导不同层级的特征对齐并强化学习重要特征,以提升模型的鲁棒性。应用开源数据集CDD验证本文方法的有效性,并与UNet-EF、FC-Siam-conc、Siam-DeepLabv3+和N-Siam-DeepLabv3+网络对比试验。试验结果表明,本文方法在精确率、召回率、F1值和总体精度上达到8...     

土地利用变化的卫星遥感监测——河北省南皮县试验报告

本文报道了运用图像处理技术,分别计算河北省南皮县试区两个不同时相TM与SPOT图像的亮度指数和垂直植被指数,进而求算变化向量、自动输出变化分类图的试验研究结果。经实地对22块变化图斑进行检验,都准确无误,表明从不同时相的卫星图像提取土地利用变化信息,分析耕地消长及大宗作物种植面积波动是完全可能的,有广阔的应用前景。     

Experimental analysis of reservoir release wave routing in upland boulder bed rivers

Reservoir release wave routing during 33 controlled reservoir releases, along 15 upland boulder bed river channel reaches, on five different regulated rivers were monitored to assess the importance of river channel roughness and reservoir release magnitude on reservoir release wave speeds. Wave speeds varied between 0.52 and 3.01 m s^?1. Reservoir release wave translation, steepening, and attenuation occurred. With high channel roughness values reservoir release wave arrival speed is retarded in comparison to peak stage and wave steepening occurs, but with a reduction in channel roughness reservoir release wave front arrival is accelerated producing attentuation. The threshold between reservoir release wave front attenuation and steepening occurs at a pre-release discharge/channel width of approximately 0.1, an index of channel roughness. The paper also demonstrates, via comparison of observed and calculated reservoir release wave speeds on the River Washburn, Yorkshire, the difficulty of accurately predicting flood wave movement in upland boulder bed channels using existing prediction equations. The calculated values, however, revealed systematic error with pre-release discharge and reservoir release magnitude. Apparently the equations fail to account for the effects of high channel roughness together with pressure gradient forces, induced by rapid rates of stage change on the rising limb of reservoir releases. In order to accurately predict reservoir release wave movement in regulated rivers, this paper demonstrates that hydraulic studies need to be undertaken and pre-release discharges prescribed to determine desired reservoir release wave routing behaviour. Manipulation of the reservoir release pattern at the dam alone, cannot dictate reservoir release wave front form downstream or wave speed.     

Migration and speciation transformation mechanisms of mercury in undercurrent zones of the Tongguan gold mining area,Shaanxi Loess Plateau and impact on the environment

In order to study the migration and transformation mechanism of Hg content and occurrence form in subsurface flow zone of gold mining area in Loess Plateau and its influence on water environment, the field in-situ infiltration test and laboratory test were carried out in three typical sections of river-side loess, alluvial and proluvial strata in Tongguan gold mining area of Shaanxi Province, and the following results were obtained: (1) The source of Hg in subsurface flow zone is mainly caused by mineral processing activities; (2) the subsurface flow zone in the study area is in alkaline environment, and the residual state, iron and manganese oxidation state, strong organic state and humic acid state of mercury in loess are equally divided in dry and oxidizing environment; mercury in river alluvial or diluvial strata is mainly concentrated in silt, tailings and clayey silt soil layer, and mercury has certain stability, and the form of mercury in loess is easier to transform than the other two media; (3) under the flooding condition, most of mercury is trapped in the silt layer in the undercurrent zone where the sand and silt layers alternate with each other and the river water and groundwater are disjointed, and the migration capacity of mercury is far less than that of loess layer and alluvial layer with close hydraulic connection; (4) infiltration at the flood level accelerates the migration of pollutants to the ground; (5) the soil in the undercurrent zone is overloaded and has seriously exceeded the standard. Although the groundwater monitoring results are safe this time, relevant enterprises or departments should continue to pay attention to improving the gold extraction process, especially vigorously rectify the small workshops for illegal gold extraction and the substandard discharge of the three wastes, and intensify efforts to solve the geological environmental problems of mines left over from history. At present, the occurrence form of mercury in the undercurrent zone is relatively stable, but the water and soil layers have been polluted. The risk of disjointed groundwater pollution can not be ignored while giving priority to the treatment of loess and river alluvial landform areas with close hydraulic links. The research results will provide a scientific basis for water conservancy departments to groundwater prevention and control in water-deficient areas of the Loess Plateau.     

Institutional power-geometries: enduring and shifting work relations in cleansing depots

Institutions are objects of study that raise questions about the relationship between continuity and change. Employment is changing and for this reason it presents an opportunity to explore how it is that paid work might be thought of as an institutional ‘space’ that is made up of enduring and shifting power relations. This paper views institutions through a lens of ‘power-geometries’, that is, as complex webs of relations of domination and subordination (Massey, D., 1992. New Left Review 196, 65–84). The paper illustrates these power-geometries by exploring employment in local authority cleansing depots in South East England. I concentrate on how the inequity of employment relations enables the institutionalisation of work practices. Employment relations were found to have shifted to different degrees according to the particular geographies and histories of labour markets, employer strategies, local politics and worker solidarities. Despite these variations the asymmetry of employment relations is seen to have endured. I conclude by arguing that whilst power-geometries are not fixed, when ‘institutionalised’ they are not easily changed during ‘everyday’ interaction.     

基于黄河冲洪积地层试桩试验优化 桩基承载力设计的研究

以山东东营某工程为例,基于黄河冲洪积地层试桩试验成果,对试桩试验、试桩单桩极限承载力实测值与预估值相差较大（6.36%～20.19%）的原因进行分析。建立在相同桩顶标高（-5.7 m）条件下单桩极限承载力实测平均值与桩底标高（可以换算成桩长）的关系曲线,对工程桩桩基承载力设计方法进行优化。根据桩基检测结果,优化后的工程桩在相同桩长、桩径条件下单桩极限承载力实测值与预估值承载力相比提高约10%,达到发掘地质条件的潜力、减少桩数、节省工程造价的目的。相关试验方法、优化桩基承载力设计的方法可为类似地质条件的工程设计及建立区域桩基承载力数据库提供借鉴。     

A comparison of TRMM to other basin-scale estimates of rainfall during the 1999 Hurricane Floyd flood

The volumetric rainfall attributed to Hurricane Floyd in 1999 was computed for the bulk of the Tar, Neuse, and Cape Fear River Basins in eastern North Carolina, USA from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) research product, and compared with volumes computed using kriged gauge data and one centrally located radar. TMPA showed similar features in the band of heaviest rainfall with kriged and radar data, but was higher in the basin-scale integrations. Furthermore, Floyd’s direct runoff volumes were computed and divided by the volumetric rainfall estimates to give runoff coefficients for the three basins. The TMPA, having the larger storm totals, would suggest greater infiltration during Floyd than the gauge and radar estimates would. Finally, we discuss a concept for adjusting the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service rainfall-runoff model when predicting discharge values from real-time TMPA in ungauged river basins.