山区阶梯式河道水流阻力研究

山区阶梯式河道是自然界来水来沙和山区大比降河床相互作用所形成的,其水力特性、河道阻力较为复杂。为了深入研究其阻力机理,从河床结构阻水的角度提出阶梯式结构糙率尺度的概念,得到了适用于阶梯式河道跌落水流的形体阻力系数表达式,并由不同来源的阻力分量构成了新的山区阶梯式河道水流总阻力系数公式。新公式结果表明,通过不同类型河段的野外试验数据,表面泥沙、阶梯形状以及漂石产生的阻力系数分量之和与试验测量总阻力系数数据的误差较小。随着雷诺数和阶梯单元尺寸的增加,河床表面的泥沙肤面阻力系数基本不变,阶梯式结构形成的跌落水流过渡到滑行水流,阶梯形体阻力系数逐渐变小,而较大粒径松散漂石产生的水流阻力系数只随着雷诺数的增大而减小。     

双层堤管涌的悬挂型防渗控制实验研究

双层堤基是应用较多的双面层的堤基构造类型,上层为弱透水层,下层为强透水深厚砂层。堤内弱透水层在汛期高水位时面临较高的水头承压,出现管涌的危险性极大。以实验室模拟分析的方式,专题探究双层堤管涌的悬挂型防渗控制规律,结果可知:悬挂型防渗墙在有效截断管涌迁移路径方面具有独特功能和阻滞效果,管涌没有出现之前,悬挂式防渗墙消解水头冲刷的作用一般不很明显,而一旦有管涌发生,防渗墙对透水堤基深入越深,防渗作用将越好,如果保持贯入度相同,则下游布置防渗墙比上游布置防渗墙效果要好。研究结果为同类工程应用提供研究和技术参考。     

东胜煤田乌拉素矿区水文地质特征及充水因素研究

近年不断发生的突水事故,给煤矿安全生产带来严重威胁,研究矿区水文地质特征,分析矿井充水因素有重要现实意义。根据东胜煤田乌拉素矿区地质勘探和水文地质资料,对煤层开采导水裂隙带高度进行计算,结果表明:直罗组底部、含煤系地层的裂隙承压水含水层和上部煤层采空区内的积水,是煤层开采时矿井涌水的主要充水水源,矿井充水通道有断层裂隙带、封闭不良钻孔、采动导水裂隙带;其中导水裂隙带会将上部煤层采空区积水导通,使充水强度增大,矿坑涌水量增加。建议开采过程中要做到边探边采,探采结合,预防突水问题。     

乍得BS油藏沉积微相特征及对油气分布的控制作用

结合区域沉积背景,应用BS1-1取心井资料进行泥岩颜色、岩石组合、沉积结构、构造、粒度分布、沉积韵律等相标志分析,对BS油藏沉积微相特征进行了深入研究,分析了沉积微相对油气分布的控制作用。BS油藏PI油层组为扇三角洲前缘远端沉积,水下分流河道分布范围有限,仅在断层附近发育,河道前端受湖浪作用改造明显,前缘席状砂发育,偶见远砂坝,河道间微相不发育。沉积微相类型控制了储层类型及其展布方式和储集性能,沉积微相展布对油气分布具有明显的控制作用,水下分流河道生储盖组合良好,为油气有利富集相带。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区石峡谷剖面中奥陶统克里摩里组下段等深流深水水道沉积

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘桌子山地区中奥陶统克里摩里组下段以深灰色薄—中层石灰岩夹灰黑色极薄层泥岩为特征,石灰岩单层略显透镜状且基本未受后期成岩作用改造,其中石峡谷剖面垂向上特征变化明显,是研究该组沉积过程的理想剖面。本次研究在详细的野外观察基础上,依据岩石特征和沉积构造进一步确认克里摩里组深水斜坡沉积背景和等深流沉积,同时详细研究了薄—中层石灰岩的充填特征和形态特征,探讨其水动力特征和沉积机制。结果表明: (1)在粉晶石灰岩和灰泥石灰岩中,晶粒呈散点状分布,粉晶之间为灰泥充填,同时岩层内部具有不均一性,粗粉晶、细粉晶和灰泥呈相间分布;(2)石灰岩主要发育和单层内粒度(方解石晶粒)变化有关的沉积构造,包括具有双向递变特征的粒序层、条带状构造和水平层—均匀层—水平层序列;(3)石灰岩层中透镜体发育,包括薄层中的小型连续透镜体、中层(一般小于30^cm)中的长透镜体以及由多个石灰岩层组成的透镜体,后者侧向上尖灭于页岩或地形高处,其内部单个岩层可呈对称性尖灭;(4)剖面上发育单层石灰岩厚度向上变薄的垂向序列以及由该序列组成的石灰岩叠置层。结合已有研究成果认为: 克里摩里组下段薄—中层石灰岩沉积于深水底流发育环境,其水动力具有低速、弱—强—弱周期变化和空间上受限的特征,应为等深流水道沉积,其沉积机制可分为3个阶段,即等深流作用前的清水钙质沉积、等深流作用期间对沉积物的改造和等深流作用后的浑水泥质沉积。     

闽江河口地区河道演变及其影响因素分析

比之传统的调查方法,利用遥惑技术进行岸线解译具有范围大、多时段、省时、省力以及快速等优点。根据多时相TM遥惑数据,对闽江河口地区岸线进行解译,结合20世纪60年代地形图和2001年海图,分析了河口地区河道演变情况．对河流岸线和浅滩变化进行对比分析,发现闽江口南部水道多呈淤积状态,北边水道则为弱侵蚀型岸线;南部水下浅滩有新发育,原有的浅滩面积有很大的扩展,北边水道变化较小;文章最后对河道演变的影响因素进行了初步的探讨。     

广利河口拦门沙发育动态和河口航道的选择

根据现场调查和历史资料,获取了广利河口拦门沙水动力特征、海底地形和底质特征,对拦门沙的动态发育和波浪作用下拦门沙运动状态进行了分析,探讨了广利河口的航道选择方案。分析结果认为,广利河槽外航道宜从东偏南向入海。     

How soil texture,channel shape and cross-sectional area affect moisture dynamics and water loss in irrigation channels

To enhance the utilization efficiency of farmland irrigation water and reduce the leakage of water conveyance channels, the leakage process of channels was simulated dynamically. The simulated results were compared with data measured in laboratory experiments, and the performance of the model was evaluated. The results indicated that the simulated values of the model were consistent with the observation values, and the R² values varied between 0.91 and 0.99. In addition, based on the laboratory experiments, a water supply system (Mariotte bottles) and soil box were built using plexiglass. Three influencing factors, namely, the channel form, soil texture and channel cross-sectional area, were varied to observe and calculate the resulting cumulative infiltration amount, infiltration rate and wetting front migration distance. HYDRUS-3D software was used to solve the three-dimensional soil water movement equation under different initial conditions. The results demonstrated that the U-shaped channel was more effective than the trapezoidal channel in increasing the utilization efficiency of the water resources. A U-shaped channel with a small channel cross-sectional area should be adopted and the soil particle size should be prioritized in the construction of water conveyance channels for farmlands. The simulation results were in agreement with the observed results, which indicates that HYDRUS-3D is a reliable tool that can accurately simulate the soil moisture movement in water conveyance channels. The research results can provide a reference for the design and operation of farmland irrigation systems.     

Dynamic,discontinuous stream networks: hydrologically driven variations in active drainage density,flowing channels and stream order

Despite decades of research on the ecological consequences of stream network expansion, contraction and fragmentation, surprisingly little is known about the hydrological mechanisms that shape these processes. Here, we present field surveys of the active drainage networks of four California headwater streams (4–27 km²) spanning diverse topographic, geologic and climatic settings. We show that these stream networks dynamically expand, contract, disconnect and reconnect across all the sites we studied. Stream networks at all four sites contract and disconnect during seasonal flow recessions, with their total active network length, and thus their active drainage densities, decreasing by factors of two to three across the range of flows captured in our field surveys. The total flowing lengths of the active stream networks are approximate power‐law functions of unit discharge, with scaling exponents averaging 0.27 ± 0.04 (range: 0.18–0.40). The number of points where surface flow originates obey similar power‐law relationships, as do the lengths and origination points of flowing networks that are continuously connected to the outlet, with scaling exponents averaging 0.36–0.48. Even stream order shifts seasonally by up to two Strahler orders in our study catchments. Broadly, similar stream length scaling has been observed in catchments spanning widely varying geologic, topographic and climatic settings and spanning more than two orders of magnitude in size, suggesting that network extension/contraction is a general phenomenon that may have a general explanation. Points of emergence or disappearance of surface flow represent the balance between subsurface transmissivity in the hyporheic zone and the delivery of water from upstream. Thus the dynamics of stream network expansion and contraction, and connection and disconnection, may offer important clues to the spatial structure of the hyporheic zone, and to patterns and processes of runoff generation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using LM‐OSL of quartz to distinguish sediments derived from surface‐soil and channel erosion

This study describes the use of linearly modulated optically stimulated luminescence (LM‐OSL) to distinguish surface‐soil derived sediments from those derived from channel bank erosion. LM‐OSL signals from quartz extracted from 15 surface‐soil and five channel bank samples were analysed and compared to signals from samples collected from two downstream river sites. Discriminant analysis showed that the detrapping probabilities of fast, first slow and second slow components of the LM‐OSL signal can be used to differentiate between the samples collected from the channel bank and surface‐soil sources. We show that for each of these source end members these components are all normally distributed. These distributions are then used to estimate the relative contribution of surface‐soil derived and channel bank derived sediment to the river bed sediments. The results indicate that channel bank derived sediments dominate the sediment sources at both sites, with 90.1 ± 3% and 91.9 ± 1.9% contributions. These results are in agreement with a previous study which used measurements of ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb_ex fallout radionuclides to estimate the relative contribution from these two sources. This result shows that LM‐OSL may be a useful method, at least in the studied catchment, to estimate the relative contribution of surface soil and channel erosion to river sediments. However, further research in different settings is required to test the difference of OSL signals in distinguishing these sediment sources. And if generally acceptable, this technique may provide an alternative to the use of fallout radionuclides for source tracing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.