极端干旱区荒漠河岸林胡杨生长季树干液流变化

应用热脉冲技术和自动气象站对极端干旱区荒漠河岸林建群种胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)的树干的液流流速及其环境因子进行了为期2 a的连续观测,对胡杨树干液流日、季变化及其与环境因子相关性进行了深入的研究。结果表明:胡杨树干液流速率日变化具有明显的昼夜节律性。白天树干液流流速变化曲线呈多峰型。夜间,胡杨同样存在明显的树干液流现象,这主要是由根压引起的。胡杨树干液流速率7月最高,6月、8月次之,9月液流速率高于5月,10月最小,主要生长期6—8月胡杨日均蒸腾量占整个生长季的70％以上。不同林龄的胡杨树干液流速率不同,表现为15龄＞25龄＞50龄。树干液流量变化与环境因子中气象因子的变化密切相关。逐步回归结果表明,液流速率与净辐射、空气温度、空气相对湿度呈显著线性相关, 同时给出了依据常规气象因子估算液流速率的统计模型。     

柴达木盆地北部风速对尘暴事件降尘的影响

通过系统监测柴达木盆地北部冷湖地区的月降尘通量以及尘暴事件降尘量,发现该地区月降尘通量变化在0.57×103～18.12×103 μg·cm–2·month–1之间,并且与月极大风速（Vextr）具有较好的正相关性（r2=0.60, n=23）;该区年内主要粉尘堆积时段为春季和初夏;尘暴事件发生期间的降尘量不仅与尘暴持续期间10 min平均风速具有良好的正相关关系（r2=0.60, n=16）,而且降尘量与10 min风速变化幅度有关:强劲稳定的风力条件在监测地点产生较少的降尘量,强劲且变率较大的风力条件产生较多的降尘量。监测结果显示,风速的变化对粉尘的释放、输送和沉降有重要的影响,有助于理解地质记录所揭示的冰期-间冰期不同的大气粉尘沉降速率。     

多普勒雷达资料对中尺度系统短期预报的改进

文中给了一种由单多普勒雷达资料反演风矢量场的变分方法 ,并由此形成预报初始场。运用美国风暴分析预报中心 ( CAPS)的改进的区域系统模式对移经美国俄克拉何马州的一个强雷暴系统进行了数值预报试验 ,结果表明 ,初始场中引入多普勒雷达观测资料后明显地改进了预报。     

冻土纵、横波宽带超声换能器的研制

根据冻土弹性波测试的要求,研制了一种冻土测试用的５００ＫＨz纵横波复合宽带超声换 能哭喊 。其性能具有灵敏度高、频带宽、声阻撤低的特点,适用于冻土力学特笥的测试。文章介绍了它的结构及相应系统特性,并以１０ｐｓ的延时时间精度,在零度以下气温条件下,实测了不同含水量及负温冻结兰州黄土试块的纵、横波速,获得了好的结果。     

流速仪在垂直偏角情况下测速误差的研究

悬索缆道测流,往往使流速仪形成垂直偏角,对流速有一定影响.分别率定了LS25-1型旋桨流速仪和LS68-1型旋杯流速仪在不同下倾角时与流速的关系流速仪的垂直偏角对流速有明显影响,并随偏角的加大而增加,偏角在10°以内影响不大;同时也率定了LS68-1型旋杯流速仪自动调整垂直下倾角时与流速的关系,下倾角在10°～30°以内对流速无明显变化,超过30°时,流速系统偏小.解决办法是(1)流速小有偏角时用LS68-1型旋杯流速仪,流速大时用LS25-3型旋桨流速仪,二者均有自动调平的功能;(2)合理选择铅鱼的型式和重量,本文提供了数据.     

一次特大暴雨垂直速度场的计算与分析

台风低压环流是影响我国东部地区的重要天气系统之一,对其垂直速度场进行合进的诊断分析是其中的一个关键问题。计算垂直速度的方法有很多种,对诊断分析而言,倾向于运动学方法。这一方法的基本思路是把最后的累积误差“均匀”分摊到各等压面层上去,主要困难是如何处理测风不精确所带来的计算误差。该文针对１９９９年８月１１～１２日高密和诸城两市特大暴雨的天气过程,对其垂直速度场进行了合理的计算和订正,结果令人满意。     

多普勒雷达风场反演VAP方法的资料预处理

在分析了三类单多普勒雷达反演风场方法的基础上, 认为VAP方法是近期内可望在业务中应用的方法, 并指出VAP方法的关键是能否将原始资料中的中-U及以上尺度的风场信息过滤出来, 以消除中-V尺度以下风场信息对反演结果的影响.为此提出了二维区域滑动低通滤波方法对资料进行预处理.此外还对VAP方法的风速计算公式进行了改进以减小计算误差.     

Site effects at Euroseistest—I. Determination of the valley structure and confrontation of observations with 1D analysis

This paper describes the process of construction of the 2D model of Volvi's geological structure and results of empirical and theoretical approaches to the evaluation of site response at Euroseistest. The construction of the 2D model is based on a re-interpretation of the available geophysical and geotechnical data in an effort to improve the definition of the subsoil structure at Euroseistest in terms of the most important parameters needed to model site response. The results of this re-interpretation are compared with a previous published 2D model of the same alluvial valley. Different analysis of the measurements and different criteria in the synthesis of data have led to a different model, even if both studies had access to the same field measurements. This underscores the fact that a model results of an interpretation and is not uniquely determined by the data, no matter how detailed they are. The well known subsoil structure opened the possibility to correlate the geometry and the dynamic properties of the 2D model with the results of site response determined from a detailed analysis of two events in frequency and time domains and 1D numerical modeling. The study of site response shows the important effect of the lateral variations on the ground motion and suggests that the contribution of locally generated surface waves to the resonant peak may be important. In the case of Volvi's graben, the limitations of the 1D approximation to simulate ground motion under complex soil conditions in both frequency and time domains are also shown. This paper lays the ground for a companion article dealing with 2D site effects in this basin.     

Effect of soil stiffness in the attenuation of Rayleigh-wave motions from field measurements

The amplitude of vertical ground surface vibrations generated by impact tests on the ground surface was measured at various radial distances from the point of impact at locations of Greece. The results of measurements were analyzed in the frequency domain (in the range from 0–100 Hz) and the attenuation characteristics of soil materials were studied in terms of a frequency-independent attenuation coefficient, a₀, of the empirical Bornitz equation. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of soil stiffness (expressed by the value of low-amplitude shear wave velocity of soil, V_SO) on the value of attenuation coefficient, a₀. Values of V_SO for the tested soils were estimated by applying the methodology of Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) technique and utilizing the surface vibration data. An empirical relationship between a₀ and V_SO1 (V_SO1 is the representative value of V_SO for the soil profile up to a depth of one wavelength) was established for values of V_SO1 ranging from 140 to 1000 m/s. A similar relationship in terms of the low-amplitude shear modulus of soil, G_O1, was also established by converting the V_SO1 values to G_O1 values. The experimental results were compared to values reported in the literature for comparable soil types and frequencies of vibration and a reasonable agreement was found to exist. The proposed empirical relationship can be utilized in many practical applications of soil dynamics requiring the knowledge of the attenuation rate of Rayleigh waves with distance in various types of soils.     

腾冲火山及邻区速度结构的三维层析成象

利用１９８４～１９９８年新间期间发生在腾冲火山及邻区３０个台站记录的数知个地震的Ｐ波资料,采用地震层析成象法重建了腾冲火山及邻区地壳、上地幔不同深度的三维速度结构层析成象图。结果给出,在腾冲火山区下面地壳内约３～９ｋｍ存在低速带,扰动量达－２０％;１０～１５ｋｍ深度为高波速带,扰动量达７．３％;１６～２４ｋｍ深度为低波速带。扰动量达－９．１％;２５～４０ｋｍ为波速带,扰一达１０％;大于莫霍面深度（