Doppler properties of spaceborne/airborne hybrid bistatic synthetic aperture radar

In this paper,a special geometry case of spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR(SA-BiSAR) is considered,in which satellite and aircraft flight paths are parallel and their antennas are steering at the strip map.This case is a simple but typical application example,which is applicable for non-cooperative illumination.The integration time of SA-BiSAR system is derived via the motion of transmitter and receiver footprint.In parallel and stripmap mode,Doppler frequency is obtained through the combination be-tween spaceborne and airborne SAR.Other Doppler properties have been envisaged,including Doppler bandwidth and azimuth resolution.The overall simulation experiments are conducted and some characteristics are exhibited.The critical parameters,which have the significant effect on the SA-BiSAR Doppler properties,are extracted by analytical expressions and numerical simulations.In parallel and strip map mode and with reference to ENVISAT-1,SA-BiSAR system possesses the potential of yielding 10 m azi-muth resolution and 0.5 s integration time for C-band via the analysis of simulation results.     

The Application of Sea-Surface Wind Detection with Doppler Lidar in Olympic Sailing

The mobile incoherent Doppler lidar(MIDL),which was jointly developed by State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather(LaSW) of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS) and Ocean University of China,provided meteorological services during the Olympic sailing events in Qingdao in 2008.In this study,two experiments were performed based on these measurements.First,the capabilities of MIDL detection of sea-surface winds were investigated by comparing its radial velocities with those from a sea buoy.MIDL radial velocity was almost consistent with sea-buoy data;both reflected the changes in wind with time.However,the MIDL data was 0.5 m s 1 lower on average than the sea-buoy data due to differences in detection principle,sample volume,sample interval,spatial and temporal resolution.Second,the wind fields during the Olympic sailing events were calculated using a four-dimensional variation data assimilation(4DVAR) algorithm and were evaluated by comparing them with data from a sea buoy.The results show that the calculations made with the 4DVAR wind retrieval method are able to simulate the fine retrieval of sea-surface wind data-the retrieved wind fields were consistent with those of sea-buoy data.Overall,the correlation coefficient of wind direction was 0.93,and the correlation coefficient of wind speed was 0.70.The distribution of retrieval wind fields was consistent with that of MIDL radial velocity;the root-mean-square error between them had an average of only 1.52 m s 1.     

The T-TREC Technique for Retrieving the Winds of Landfalling Typhoons in China

In this study, an extension of the TREC (Tracking Radar Echo by Correlations) technique, named Tropical Cyclone (TC) circulation TREC (T-TREC), is developed to retrieve the winds of landfalling typhoons in China. The T-TREC analysis is performed on a polar grid centered at the TC center, using arc-shaped correlation cells and an arc-shaped search area. The search for the best correlation match is confined along the cyclonic direction with a limited search distance in the radial direction based on the cyclonic circulation characteristics of TCs in the Northern Hemisphere. The TC center is determined objectively using reflectivity data while the Doppler radar radial velocities are incorporated to estimate the search range and create a velocity correlation matrix as auxiliary constraints.     

新型多普勒测风激光雷达Windcube的风参数观测与验证

2007年12月11～14日,中国科学院大气物理研究所与法国Leosphere公司在该研究所位于北京市北三环和北四环之间的325 m气象塔试验场内联合开展了一次测风激光雷达Windcube的外场演示试验.Windcube观测数据随后与325 m气象塔上的风杯风速仪测得的风速资料进行了对比,结果是:由两种手段获得的所有6...     

基于雷达跟踪外推及Google Maps的强对流天气临近预报

以银川新一代天气雷达资料为核心,利用交叉相关外推算法,在本地化质量控制的基础上,实现对宁夏中北部地区0～1 h强对流天气的跟踪外推预报.建立了基于网站和高分辨率Google Maps地理信息,综合显示雷达、卫星云图、闪电定位仪等多源气象资料及其导出、预报产品的宁夏临近预报业务系统.为预报人员根据不同的地形条件、人口及工...     

Using velocimeter signal to noise ratio as a surrogate measure of suspended mud concentration

This study examines the relationship between suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) recorded by a 6 MHz Nortek Vector velocimeter in a laboratory water tank using four different synthetic and natural mud mixtures and different combinations of the user-set Vector parameters transmit power level and velocity range. For concentrations less than 1500 mg/l (1.5 g/l), a region of linearity between the logarithm of concentration and time-average SNR was found for all sediment types and transmitter power level settings. Within this concentration range, the experimental data was used to develop calibrated equations of the form, log(SSC)=c₁SNR+c₂; R² values for all calibrated equations were greater than 0.98, suggesting that properly calibrated relations can yield accurate time-averaged SSC measurements using Vector measured SNR. An analysis of the general calibration equation indicated that the predicted SSC values are sensitive to changes in the coefficient values for c₁ and c₂. Even small (10%) deviations in coefficient values resulted in 20%-65% changes in the predicted SSC. Variation in c₁ and c₂ values among all four mud mixtures were significant enough that the calibrated equations could not be used interchangeably. This was true even among three samples that had similar particle-size distributions. Translation of raw 32 Hz SNR data to 32 Hz SSC time series produced excessively large variation in the SSC time series. Several smoothing and filtering schemes were examined to reduce the magnitude of these fluctuations to more reasonable levels. Of the methods tested, a two-sided moving average functioned best at removing fine-scale variation while retaining larger-scale trends. A 96-point (3 Hz) averaging window brought 98.6% of the Vector estimated SSC time series values to within ±10% of the time-average physical samples. Impacts of turbulent kinetic energy and sampling volume size on instrument recorded SNR were also empirically examined.     

非线性VAD反演低层风廓线拟合阶数优化方法

结合理论和SoWMEX试验 (西南气流试验,Southwest Monsoon Experiment) 的连续多普勒天气雷达观测资料和广东省阳江雷达资料, 对非线性速度方位显示 (非线性VAD) 方法反演低层低于2 km垂直风廓线精度和能力进行定量分析。结果表明:非线性VAD基本能反演出低层风廓线在空间和时间上的演变。但当雷达径向速度数据在方位存在较大的连续性缺测、体积扫描仰角较少时,因传统非线性VAD采用的速度方位显示 (VAD) 方法拟合阶数和垂直拟合阶数过高,反演的低层风廓线会存在较大误差,造成不合理高风速区和风廓线不连续。通过实际观测资料统计分析反演参数对非线性VAD的影响,提出基于连续性数据缺测间隔和不同仰角的多少的VAD和垂直拟合阶数动态调整方法。同锋面降水和台风降水两典型个例的实际探空比对显示,调整后的非线性VAD显著改进低层风廓线反演精度,反演的风廓线结构和变化与实况相符,反演平均误差小于2 m·s-1。     

基于X波段双线偏振天气雷达的雷暴云粒子识别

为了进一步认识雷暴云中影响起电的主要水成物类型,联合714XDP 天气雷达观测到的偏振参量（Z H 、Z DR 、K DP 和ρHV ）,在利用模糊逻辑方法的基础上引入温度（T）,对中国西北地区夏季雷暴云中的水成物类型进行识别,将水成物分为11种。参考 S 和 C 波段及少量的 X 波段偏振雷达的粒子识别研究,得到11种粒子对应的各偏振参量阈值。分析了2007年7月24日的一次观测过程几个时刻的偏振参量、地面电场、放电频数及识别结果,并与利用三维雷暴云动力电耦合数值模式模拟出来的粒子分布结果做了对比。结果表明,选取的偏振参量阈值基本合理,采用的模糊逻辑方法能有效、合理地识别出雷暴云内水成物的相态和分布,而且利用 K DP 可以大致判断云内电荷区。     

一次多普勒天气雷达故障排除实例分析

根据雷达工作原理、故障现象和故障原因,对桂林市新一代多普勒天气雷达天线动态故障问题的维修工作的总结分析,找出故障原因,维护注意事项和维修方法.     

简化VVP反演算法在台风风场反演中的应用

多普勒雷达资料的体积速度处理VVP(Volume Velocity Processing)风场反演方法可反演风场的3维结构,但由于算法的系数矩阵病态问题易导致反演风场产生误差。本文针对VVP算法中反演参数的性质,进行了简化算法的模拟检验和误差分析。选取量级最大的3个主要参量进行反演,引入随机的观测误差,通过改变模拟风速确定了反演算法的适用范围。对比结果发现,简化算法的反演结果对观测误差并不敏感,而且从低仰角到高仰角的均方根误差基本不变,当风速较大时,反演的精度会更准确。对0608"桑美"台风的风场反演表明,该算法较真实地反演出了台风中心及眼区外围的风场,并与Rankine台风模型相符。研究表明,简化VVP算法可清晰地揭示台风内部水平风场的3维结构,可以应用于台风等灾害性天气的风场反演与分析。