山洪泥石流预警系统建设研究

丘陵地区植被较差,堆积物比较松散,遇有异常暴雨过程,容易形成山洪泥石流,产生自然灾害,造成人员财产损失。分析国内外有关建设最新成果,对丘陵地区开展山洪泥石流预警系统建设工作进行研究,利用现有科学技术,规划设计分析预警工作的方法、步骤、流程、结果,为丘陵地区防洪体系建设提供科学合理的建设模型。     

陀螺边最佳位置的数值探讨

陀螺边的最佳位置问题是测量控制优化设计中的一个具体问题。在以往的文献中,曾用“解析法”进行过理想化的讨论,其结论难以在实际工作中应用。本文试图用数值方法探讨各种非理想化情况下的最佳位置,以弥补以往文献中的缺陷。另外,本文对以往文献中从未涉及过的附合导线的陀螺边最佳位置也作了初步的研究,得出了一些有意义的结论。本文应用的方法是控制化化设计中的“模拟法”。     

Review on status of groundwater database and application prospect in deep-time digital earth plan

Groundwater is an important water resource. The total amount of active groundwater in a hydrological cycle is about 3.5 times that of the total amount of surface water. The information in the deep groundwater records the material exchange and dynamics in the earth’s evolution, which is an important aspect of the Deep-Time Digital Earth (DDE) plan. In recent years, scientists have discussed the distribution of transboundary aquifers and the environmental significance of groundwater resources through groundwater databases established by international organizations, such as the Global Groundwater Information System and the chronicles consortium, and national institutes, such as national geological surveys. The application of the groundwater database in the DDE plan, however, has been limited by the management, interactivity, and monitoring method of the groundwater data. The ability to further integrate data that are private and scattered across research institutions and individuals, while establishing an open, unified, and shared groundwater data platform, is essential to enhance our understanding of groundwater, ranging from shallow to deep water, which is a goal of the DDE plan. In this study, we introduced the current situation of groundwater database operations in domestic and international research and provided frontier research with groundwater big data. Considering the related objectives of the DDE plan and the limitations of existing groundwater databases, we proposed an improvement plan and new prospects for applying groundwater databases in the research of the deep earth.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部侏罗系油砂的发现与成藏模式

本次工作新发现的油砂矿藏位于陕西省铜川市庙湾地区。地层特征和孢粉组合分析表明含油砂地层为侏罗系。野外调查和钻探工作证实渭北隆起的北部单斜构造地表出露大量的侏罗系延安组和直罗组油砂,累计厚度可达29.85 m;钻井油砂累计厚度达11.89 m,最大单层厚度达7.9 m,埋深在70m以浅。油砂主要赋存于中下侏罗统延安组和直罗组河流相辫状河道沉积砂岩孔隙和裂隙之中。该油砂矿藏是在渭北隆起演化的基础上,经燕山晚期构造运动抬升形成,属于抬升运移型成藏模式。经初步资源量估算,研究区油砂油地质资源量为3 232.72万t。     

几种水准测量方法在电子直线加速器测量中的应用

分析现有各种水准测量方法的特点,结合电子直线加速器的测量实践,提出短距水准测量的概念。通过比较常规水准仪四次不同测量和激光跟踪仪测量的结果,分析各种测量仪器和方法的精度,指出短距时光学水准仪、电子水准仪、激光跟踪仪的高差测量精度相当,但激光跟踪仪高差可能存在系统误差。     

长白山天池火山千年大喷发的岩浆过程

千年大喷发是长白山天池火山最近的一次大规模爆炸式喷发活动。本文在天池火口及周边的地质调查中发现,千年大喷发存在碱流质和粗面质两套堆积物,且具有岩浆混合现象。进一步岩相学与地球化学研究,证实千年大喷发应存在先后两个喷发阶段,即碱流质喷发阶段(SiO_2,~75%)和粗面质喷发阶段(SiO_2,~65%)。同时,通过微量元素和斑晶特征等分析认为两阶段的岩浆来自于两个独立的岩浆房,岩浆房平衡温度分别为743℃和862℃,相应深度约为5km和7~9km。另外,根据条带状岩浆的混合特征,认为喷发过程中碱流质与粗面质岩浆混合发生在上升通道中,排除岩浆房内混合的可能性。最后根据喷发过程和岩浆特征,综合提出了千年大喷发的岩浆过程模型。本文对千年大喷发的喷发过程和岩浆过程取得的新认识,增进了对天池火山活动习性的理解。     

图幅PRB字典创建原则与方法

图幅PRB字典是数字区域地质调查过程中采集地质数据的描述性词汇,是由项目组根据地质调查任务和图幅地质特点自行定义和创建的.它对于规范图幅地质调查内容与结构、地质内容描述语义的标准化,以及提高数字填图工作效率等方面有着至关重要的作用.就图幅PRB字典创建的原则、要求、类型和作用及创建方法进行了较详细地阐述和讨论.     

EGM2008地球重力模型数据在中国大陆地区的精度分析

本文介绍了5′×5 ′的EGM2008地球重力模型及其在全球的精度评价.按照地形变化规律,将中国大陆大致分为7个区域,在10 km网度上,将EGM2008地球重力模型数据与中国地面实测空间重力网格数据进行了对比.由于数据源的问题,中国大陆的模型数据精度普遍低于北美和欧洲.二种数据在地形平坦的东部地区差别较小,向西随着地形复杂程度的增加,二种数据之间的标准差从小于10 mGal增大到50多mGal.畸变点分析表明精度极低的网格点均分布在地形起伏大的地区.总体而言,5′×5′的EGM2008地球重力模型数据在中国大陆将近80％的面积上的精度可达10 mGal之内,可用于小比例尺重力编图和构造研究.在地形起伏较大的中国西部以青藏高原为例进一步比较了EGM2008重力模型和重力测点数据,结果表明在重力点分布稀疏不均匀的地区,平面网格数据难以准确表达重力场信息.由于缺少地面重力数据控制,EGM2008重力模型数据在中国西部精度较低,但模型数据依然在很大程度上提高了空间重力异常信息的丰富程度.将中国区域重力调查成果数据应用于地球模型的构建是一项有意义的工作.     

基于强度折减法的土石混合体边坡长期稳定性研究

土石混合体边坡是自然界中常见的一种边坡类型,具有明显的不均匀性和不连续性。土体的蠕变是造成土石混合体边坡变形及失稳的主要原因之一,而目前关于土石混合体边坡稳定性的研究几乎均未考虑土体的蠕变性。首先运用数字图像处理技术对我国某水电站库区的一个土石混合体边坡进行建模,而后利用FLAC3D软件中的强度折减法对其进行稳定性分析,并着重研究了土体的蠕变特征及其蠕变参数对土石混合体边坡变形及稳定性的影响。计算结果表明,土体的蠕变特征会明显降低土石混合体边坡的安全系数,增大边坡变形,进而对边坡的稳定性造成不利影响;其中蠕变黏性系数对边坡的长期稳定性具有较大影响,黏性系数越大,则土石混合体边坡的安全系数越低。     

Simulated multi-scale watershed runoff and sediment production based on GeoWEPP model

The runoff and sediment yield data from the Qiaozidonggou, Qiaozixigou, and Lu＇ergou watersheds, in the Loess Plateau of China are used to calibrate and validate the runoff and sediment yield simulated by GeoWEPP model of the WEPP Model at watershed scale. The indices of relative error, R, correlation coefficient, Re, and Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficient Ens are used to evaluate the model fit. The eco-hydrological responses in the Luoyugou and Lu＇ergou watersheds are also forecast based on the WEPP Model. Meanwhile, the relation between vegetation pattern changes and sediment yield in the watershed is discussed, and the responses of runoff and sediment yield in the watersheds concerning forest growth stages are studied. The results show that the relative errors of simulated values of runoff and sediment yield are below 30%, the correlation coefficients axe above 0.90, and the Nash-Suttcliffe efficiency coefficients axe above 0.80. The simulation results present satisfactory performance, thus, the model could be used to simulate the runoff and sediment yield in these small watersheds. It is also observed that soil erosion tended to become severe as precipitation increased in the watershed, while soil erosion has a decreasing trend as forest cover increases and vegetation pattern is optimized. When the watershed is fully covered by forest, erosion and sediment yield are minimized. When the forest cover is about 30% and evenly distributed in the watershed, the erosion intensity is lower than if the forest cover is collectively distributed in the watershed. Erosion varies with different forest growth stages in the watershed; it is more serious at the young and near planting stage and is the smallest at the mature forest stage.