Variations in light absorption properties during a phytoplankton bloom in the Pearl River estuary

From 15 to 28 August in 2007, a Chaetoceros socialis bloom was detected in the Pearl River Estuary water with chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) up to 30 mg m⁻³ and cell density up to 10⁶ cells L⁻¹. Time series of bio-optical measurements was obtained at a single site (114.29°E, 22.06°N) with the mooring of marine optical buoy. Light absorption properties of seawater experienced large variability throughout the algal bloom. Absorption by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was one of the dominant optical components of the light absorption (30–70%) especially for pre- and post-bloom waters, and it tended to decrease with Chl a during the algal bloom. Absorption by phytoplankton was another dominant optical component (18–50%) and increased rapidly with Chl a. Phytoplankton and accompanying material played dominant roles in light absorption as indicated by the relationship between absorption coefficient and Chl a. At high pigment concentrations, water samples showed significantly lower specific phytoplankton absorption, compared with pre- and post-bloom conditions, with the specific phytoplankton concentration at 443 nm varied between 0.011 and 0.022 m² mg⁻¹ and that at 676 nm between 0.007 and 0.018 m² mg⁻¹; small values of blue-to-red ratio of phytoplankton were also observed. These lower values were associated with variations in phytoplankton size structure. Spectral variability of phytoplankton absorption and total absorption (not including the fixed background absorption by pure water itself) could be expressed as simple linear functions linking absorption at one wavelength to the absorption at the other wavelengths, with the slope of the relationship changing with wavelength. The absorption coefficients by non-algal particles and CDOM follow the general exponential functions with remarkably limited variability in the exponent with means of 0.0105 and 0.0166 nm⁻¹, respectively. These spectral dependencies of absorption coefficients provide useful information for retrieving inherent optical properties from reflectance data in a remote-sensing context.     

Speciation of Cr and V within BOF steel slag reused in road constructions

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel slag is a residue from the basic oxygen converter in steel-making operations, which is partially reused as an aggregate for road constructions. It is essentially composed of calcium, silicon and iron but also contains potential toxic elements present as traces, like chromium (Cr, 2600 mg kg^− 1) and vanadium (V, 690 mg kg^− 1), which can be released. The linked results of chemical analysis, XRD and SEM-EDX enabled to identify the main mineral phases composing BOF slag and EDX micro-analyses indicated that V and Cr were associated to dicalciumferrite. A 47-days static leaching test at a laboratory scale with a controlled pH of 5 (pH_stat leaching test) showed that Cr was little released, while V was significantly released. Finally, X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of 3 BOF slag samples were recorded (“raw”, leached 47 days at pH 5 and aged 2 years in a lysimeter). XANES spectra showed that Cr is present at octahedral coordination in the trivalent form, the less mobile and less toxic one, and that its speciation does not evolve during natural ageing and leaching at pH 5. They also indicated that V is predominantly present in the + 4 oxidation state and seems to become oxidized to the pentavalent form (the most toxic form) during natural ageing.     

青藏高原东南缘晚新生代幕式抬升作用的Ar-Ar热年代学证据

位于青藏高原东南缘的鲜水河断裂带是一条大型的活动左旋走滑断裂带,对该断裂带进行同位素年代学研究,可以为青藏高原东南部物质迁移和构造隆升历史研究提供时代依据.Ar-Ar热年代学研究表明,鲜水河断裂带在晚新生代持续的左行走滑活动过程中,沿断裂带不同区段发生了显著的差异隆升.以黑云母的Ar同位素体系封闭温度作参照点,鲜水河断裂带北西段、中段、南东段抬升冷却穿过350℃温度点的时间分别为10.39～10.13Ma、5.70～4.42Ma和3.60～3.46Ma.这一研究结果证明青藏高原东南缘在晚新生代以来发生了幕式抬升作用,幕式抬升作用发生的时代分别为～10.1 Ma、5.7～4.4Ma和～3.6Ma.     

利用络合剂的增感作用原子吸收法测定矿石中高含量镱

用柠檬酸三钠-磺基水杨酸作为对链的火焰原子吸收光谱增感剂,增感倍数为40余倍,并可消除大部分共存元素的干扰。     

热解-金丝富集法冷原子吸收测汞仪测定生物样品中的痕量汞

生物样品经高温热解,汞及大量热解气体一同释出。以NaOH和Na2O2为吸附剂,消除酸性及还原性气体的干扰;以覆盖黄土,减缓燃烧过程,消除烟尘及气溶胶的干扰,利用金丝捕汞管吸附热解气体中的汞气,以此测定生物样品中的汞含量。方法快速、简便、使用性强,尤其适合地矿行业应用。     

用双线偏振雷达的差分反射率ZDR技术测量降雨和雨滴谱的研究

通过计算分析用双线偏振雷达可测到的差分反射率ＺＤＲ（ｄＢ）和反射率ＺＨ（ｄＢｚ）与降雨率Ｒ（ｍｍ·ｈ－１）的关系，得知ＺＤＲ与滴谱尺度分布和不同截断直径谱的谱型变化有关。用（ＺＤＲ，ＺＨ）双参数技术可以推测雨滴尺度分布的形状变化在测量降雨上的影响，能有效提高测而精度，并可提供相态雨区水成物粒子信息。     

不同营养水平湖泊浮游植物吸收和比吸收系数变化特征

利用太湖和博斯腾湖8月份、天目湖6 8月份的采样数据,开展不同营养状态下浮游植物吸收和比吸收系数的变化规律研究,并探讨其影响因素.利用综合营养指数法,太湖8月42个采样点中20个点为重度富营养,标记为太湖TⅠ,22个点为中度富营养,标记为太湖TⅡ,天目湖夏季、博斯腾湖8月的富营养水平分别为轻度富营养和中营养.440 nm处浮游植物吸收系数a_ph(440)按照营养水平从高到低由重度富营养到中营养分别为1.02±0.51、0.69±0.40、0.78±0.24和0.20±0.04 m^-1,相应地675 nm处浮游植物吸收系数a_ph(675)分别为0.59±0.32、0.38±0.23、0.41±0.13和0.08±0.02 m^-1.统计检验显示,重、中度富营养的太湖以及轻度富营养的天目湖浮游植物吸收系数显著高于中营养的博斯腾湖.440 nm处浮游植物比吸收系数a_ph^*(440)分别为0.013±0.006、0.012±0.004、0.038±0.008和0.051±0.013 m²/mg Chl.a.统计检验显示,重度、中度富营养的太湖浮游植物比吸收系数显著小于轻度富营养的天目湖,而天目湖浮游植物比吸收系数又显著小于中营养的博斯腾湖.另由400~700 nm浮游植物的光谱曲线可以明显看出不同营养状态浮游植物吸收系数的变化情况,表现为:重度富营养太湖TⅠ>轻度富营养的天目湖>中度富营养的太湖TⅡ>中营养的博斯腾湖.太湖和天目湖属于富营养化湖泊,浮游植物吸收系数明显高于中营养的博斯腾湖,这充分反映了随营养程度增加,浮游植物吸收逐渐增加.天目湖浮游植物略高于太湖TⅡ是因为太湖非藻类悬浮颗粒物含量高,所以吸收系数偏小.比吸收系数的变化情况与吸收系数的变化情况恰好相反,随着营养程度的增加依次递减.随营养程度增加浮游植物吸收逐渐增加是由于水体营养盐增加促进浮游植物生长,浮游植物生物量逐渐增加所致,而比吸收系数逐渐降低则由于色素包裹效应所致.     

青藏高原典型湖库光学吸收特性与光合有效辐射衰减系数初步研究

青藏高原地区分布的湖泊数量众多、面积较大、分布范围广泛.受制于恶劣的自然条件,对该地区湖泊的光学吸收特性以及光合有效辐射衰减系数(Kd(PAR))的研究鲜有成果.本文依据2014和2015年间采集的13个典型高海拔、湖泊面积较大的湖库的现场实测数据和实验室测定数据,分析了采样湖库各个采样点的Kd(PAR)特征以及有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)、藻类颗粒物吸收及非色素颗粒物吸收特性,计算并分析了Kd(PAR)与透明度以及光学活性物质的关系.研究结果表明:青藏高原地区各湖库平均各项颗粒物吸收系数均较低,总颗粒物吸收系数在400~700 nm波段内不超过0.14 m~(-1)、CDOM吸收系数在355 nm波长处最高,为1.23 m~(-1)、最低接近于0、藻类颗粒物吸收特性不明显;实验数据完整的巴木错、格仁错和班公错的主导吸收组分各异,其中巴木错为CDOM吸收主导,格仁错与班公错为非色素颗粒物吸收主导;青藏高原采样湖泊总体Kd(PAR)平均值较小,仅为0.26 m~(-1),样点最大值出现在可鲁克湖(1.17 m~(-1)),最小值出现在普莫雍错(0.10 m~(-1));在采样湖泊中Kd(PAR)与透明度呈显著相关;Kd(PAR)与CDOM的相关性最强,叶绿素a浓度次之,与总悬浮颗粒物浓度的相关性最不显著.     

云南高原湖泊有色可溶性有机物和颗粒物光谱吸收特性

云南高原湖泊是我国湖泊分布最密集的五大湖群之一,不但湖泊数量众多而且类型多样.由于湖泊所处位置海拔较高,容易受只益增强UV-B辐射影响.通过对云南高原34个湖泊有色可溶性有机物和颗粒物吸收测定,分析其光谱吸收特性及对总吸收的贡献,有利于深刻理解紫外辐射在高原湖泊内衰减.不同湖泊间CDOM吸收差异明显,其大小与水体营养盐状况相关,CDOM吸收系数与水体总氮存在显著正相关.增加背景项的指数函数模型能最好模拟CDOM光谱吸收.除在浮游植物浓度非常高的杞麓湖、听湖、星云湖,颗粒物吸收系数在675nm附近存在一个吸收蜂外,其它湖泊总颗粒物光谱吸收大致随波长的增加吸收系数逐渐降低,呈现非色素颗粒物光谱吸收特征,整体上颗粒物吸收以非色素颗粒物为主.CDOM对总吸收的贡献主要集中在600nm以下波长,尤其是400nm以下的紫外波段,其在紫外波段(350-400nm)的贡献明显要大于光合有效辐射波段(400-700nm)(ANOVA,P<0.001).特别对于透明度SD≥1.0的清澈型湖泊,CDOM吸收对紫外辐射衰减的贡献更大,其吸收很大程度上决定了紫外辐射的影响深度.     

基于紫外-可见光吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱的腐殖酸光降解组分特征分析

湖泊生态系统作为自然界重要的碳库,光照强度的变化对于湖泊的碳循环过程可能产生重要的影响.以云南老君山高山湖泊天才湖周边土壤中的腐殖酸作为外源溶解性有机物（DOM）的代表物,通过腐殖酸模拟光降解实验,考察光照强度对外源DOM光降解过程的影响.研究结果表明：腐殖酸光吸收系数a₄₄₀、465 nm和665 nm波长处吸光度比值E₄/E₆的下降幅度均为：对照组 < 20 W光照组 < 40 W光照组,a₄₄₀、E₄/E₆和光谱斜率S_R显著相关,表明紫外辐射使得腐殖酸溶液浓度降低、相对分子量下降,且光照强度越强,腐殖酸的光降解程度越大.通过EEM-PARAFAC模型识别出光降解过程中腐殖酸溶液中含有5种荧光组分：UV类腐殖质（C1）、UVA类腐殖质（C2）、类色氨酸（C3）、UVC类腐殖质（C4）和类络氨酸（C5）.40 W光照组中4种荧光组分的降解程度与降解速率均大于20 W光照组,降解程度均为：C4 > C3 > C2 > C1,降解速率为C2 > C4 > C3 > C1,说明不同的荧光组分对光照强度的响应不同.该研究有助于阐明外源DOM的光降解途径与归趋.