Development of an Analytical Method for the Determination of Trace Lead in Lake Water Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry after Vortex Assisted-Stearic Acid Coated Magnetic Nanoparticle Based Extraction

In the present study, a method is proposed for the determination of lead at trace levels by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (SQT-FAAS) after preconcentration with stearic acid coated magnetic nanoparticle-based dispersive solid phase extraction (SA-MNP-DSPE). The slotted quartz tube (SQT) is used to enhance the analyte atom residence time in the light path. Stearic acid coated magnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles, which can be easily collected with an external magnet, are used as adsorbent in the extraction process. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) values of the proposed method are obtained as 0.90 and 2.9 µg L⁻¹, respectively. The method allows high repeatability in a wide linear range between 5.0 and 250 µg L⁻¹, and the relative standard deviation for six replicates is 5.8%. The detection power is enhanced by about 77-fold compared to the regular flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) system. The method is validated by recovery experiments to four different lake water samples. After the spiking tests, good recovery results are calculated between 97% and 106%. These results show that lead can be detected at low levels in lake water samples with high sensitivity, accuracy, and precision.     

花岗岩水岩反应中水化学变化实验研究

大量震例表明地震前后可以观测到地下水成分的变化。 本文通过差应力下花岗岩与水反应实验模拟研究花岗岩含水层在应力积累至破裂过程中水化学组分的变化, 并探讨了地震水化异常的形成机理。 实验结果表明, 随着差应力及其加载时间的增加, 溶液中不同离子浓度均呈现不同程度的增加, 其中Na⁺、 K⁺和Cl^-的浓度变化最明显。 随着差应力的增加, 三种离子浓度分别增加到3.3、 2.5和11.6倍。 随着加载时间的增加, 三种离子浓度分别增加到3.2、 3.1和12.5倍。 这种变化可能主要与花岗岩中矿物的溶解有关, Na⁺、 K⁺和Cl^-可作为花岗岩含水层地震水化前兆监测的灵敏组分。     

环境条件对极大螺旋藻金属元素吸收的影响

研究卫不同微量元素浓度和不同ＥＤＴＡ加入量对极大螺旋藻金属元素吸收的影响。结果显示,增加培养基中的微量元素含量有利于藻细胞对金属元素的吸收。少量ＥＤＴＡ的加入,有助于部分金属元素的吸收,较大量的ＥＤＴＡ可阻碍金属元素的吸收。藻细胞的吸附实验表明,极大螺旋藻对Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ有很强的吸附能力,死细胞与活细胞的吸附能力相近,表明这一吸附过程不依赖于生理活动。     

基于方位地震数据的地应力反演方法

在页岩油气藏的开发和勘探阶段,需要对储层进行水力压裂改造,形成有利于油气聚集和运移的裂缝.地应力是进行水力压裂改造的重要参数,能够决定裂缝的大小、方向以及分布形态,影响着压裂的增产效果,且最大和最小水平应力差异比（ODHSR,Orthorhombic Differential Horizontal Stress Ratio）是评价储层是否可压裂成网的重要因子.本文探讨了基于地震数据估算地应力的方法,以指导页岩气的水力压裂开发.首先,利用叠前方位地震数据反演得到地层的弹性参数和各向异性参数;其次,基于正交各向异性水平应力差异比近似公式,利用反演得到的弹性参数和各向异性参数估算地层的ODHSR;最后,选取某工区的裂缝型页岩储层的叠前方位地震数据对该方法进行实际应用.实际工区地震数据应用表明,基于叠前方位地震数据反演得到的ODHSR能够有效的识别储层中易于压裂成网的区域.     

辐射处理金刚石的谱学研究及其意义

利用傅立叶显微红外光谱、紫外-可见-近红外吸收光谱、低温光致发光谱、拉曼光谱等4种谱学方法,对10颗辐照改色（R1-R10）的彩色天然金刚石进行了研究。利用可见吸收光谱和低温光致发光谱研究了金刚石石中的点缺陷产生系列的色心峰,指出在可见吸收光谱中除了有N3心吸收峰外,还可见595和637色心峰;在低温光致发光谱中发现有色心组合峰575,595和637等的出现,此组合峰与近红外区4929cm^-1处的H1b和5156cm^-1处的H1C色心峰共同存时,不仅是辐照处理绿色金刚石的鉴定证据,也是辐照处理各种彩色金刚石的重要的标志之一。本研究为辐射处理金刚石的鉴别和工艺流程提供了新的谱学依据和思路。     

西太平洋秋季130°E断面有色溶解有机物的分布特征及光降解行为研究

对2018年秋季西太平洋130°E断面上层水体有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光学特性及光降解行为进行了研究。结果表明,西太平洋上层水体CDOM的吸收系数a(320)变化范围为0.025～0.64 m?1,平均值为(0.20±0.08) m?1;a(320)在表层相对较低,主要与表层CDOM的光漂白去除有关;在100～200 m水层较高,主要与次表层的生物活动有关。利用三维荧光光谱?平行因子分析技术,识别出两种荧光组分:类酪氨酸组分C1和海洋类腐殖质组分C2。C1主要源于棉兰老冷涡?上升流所带来的营养物质对浮游植物生产活动和微生物活动的促进作用;C2主要源于黑潮所带来的海洋类腐殖的输入。光化学降解实验发现,CDOM吸收值的损失主要发生在紫外波段;光照60 h后,类酪氨酸组分相较于海洋类腐殖质组分更易发生光降解;且光降解是西太平洋海域CDOM的重要去除途径。     

Assessing temporal variation of coloured dissolved organic matter in the coastal waters of South Eastern Arabian Sea

Coloured dissolved organic matter （CDOM） plays a major role in marine photochemical and biological processes and its optical properties are known to affect the underwater light penetration. This paper highlights in situ optical estimation and satellite retrieval of CDOM in deciphering its temporal variations in coastal waters of the South Eastern Arabian Sea. The study accentuated the source of CDOM as terrigenous origin during monsoon, of in situ productions during pre-monsoon and during post-monsoon of autochthonous-allocthonous origin. The matchup analysis for in situ and MODIS Aqua retrieved A_dg443 exhibited bias which decreased by incorporating the seasonal component. The study also identified degrading bloom of Noctiluca scintillans as the source for exceptionally high CDOM in the area during January and February. The study demands to incorporate seasonal components and phytoplankton abundance while assessing the performance of CDOM algorithms in optically complex coastal waters.     

Improved k-means and spectral matching for hyperspectral mineral mapping

Mineral mapping is an important step for the development and utilization of mineral resources. The emergence of remote sensing technology, especially hyperspectral imagery, has paved a new approach to geological mapping. The k-means clustering algorithm is a classical approach to classifying hyperspectral imagery, but the influence of mixed pixels and noise mean that it usually has poor mineral mapping accuracy. In this study, the mapping accuracy of the k-means algorithm was improved in three ways: similarity measurement methods that are insensitive to dimensions are used instead of the Euclidean distance for clustering; the spectral absorption features of minerals are enhanced; and the mineral mapping results are combined as the number of cluster centers (K) is incremented from 1. The improved algorithm is used with combined spectral matching to match the clustering results with a spectral library. A case study on Cuprite, Nevada, demonstrated that the improved k-means algorithm can identify most minerals with the kappa value of over 0.8, which is 46% and 15% higher than the traditional k-means and spectral matching technology. New mineral types are more likely to be found with increasing K. When K is much greater than the number of mineral types, the accuracy is improved, and the mineral mapping results are independent of the similarity measurement method. The improved k-means algorithm can also effectively remove speckle noise from the mineral mapping results and be used to identify other objects.     

Effect of linear and non-linear mixing on hyper-spectral signatures of snow in the optical region (350–2500 nm)

Study of hyper-spectral behaviour of snow is important to interpret, analyse and validate optical remote sensing observations. To map and understand response of snow-mixed pixels in RS data, field experiments were conducted for linear mixing of external materials (i.e. Vegetation, Soil) with snow, using spectral-radiometer (350–2500 nm). Further, systematic non-linear mixing of snow contaminants (soil, coal, ash) in terms of size and concentration of contaminants is analysed to imitate and understand spectral response of actual field scenarios. Sensitivity of band indices along with absorption peak characteristics provide clues to discriminate the type of contaminants. SWIR region is found to be useful for discriminating size of external contaminants in snow e.g. Avalanche deposited snow from light contaminated forms. Present research provide inputs for mapping snow-mixed pixels in medium/coarse resolution remote sensing RS data (in terms of linear mixing) and suitable wavelength selections for identification and discriminating type/size of snow contaminants (in terms of non-linear mixing).     

湛江湾海域春季黄色物质光学吸收特性及遥感探测

黄色物质是水色遥感三要素之一,其生化保守性可很好地反映污染物的输运过程,近海二类水体黄色物质固有光学特性一直是国内外研究热点。湛江港湾是天然的深水港口,受港口运输业、近海钢铁、石化工业、城市生活及污水排放的影响,近年富营养化严重,港湾水质常呈四类甚至劣四类,研究该海域水体黄色物质光学特性对于研究二类水体固有光学特性及遥感探测均有重要意义。2017年5月开展了湛江湾海域黄色物质等要素调查研究,结果表明春季湛江港湾内a_g(355)在0.69~2.3 m~(-1)内,呈现由北向南、由西向东递减的趋势,光谱斜率S_(275~295)分布在16.15×10~(-3_~20.16×10~(-3)nm~(-1)范围,水平空间上大致呈现斑点状的分布,且表现为典型的陆源输入为主的来源特征。基于landsat-8 OLI波段,利用波段比值法构建了湛江港湾黄色物质反演模型,其相关系数可达到0.84,表明基于Landsat-8 OLI等卫星开展近海港湾黄色物质的遥感探测具有较高可行性。