秋季南疆沙漠塔中边界层O_3浓度及影响因子分析

利用2008年10月11～17日的系留气艇探空资料,分析了塔中边界层O3浓度的变化特征及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:塔中秋季边界层O3浓度均值为48.7×10-9。在边界层内中午O3浓度随高度升高几乎没有变化;深夜和清晨O3浓度从地面随高度的升高逐渐增大;傍晚O3浓度最大,随高度的升高缓慢减少,达到一定高度后变化均很小。O3浓度随高度变化明显,从1m到700m高度的O3浓度变化分为不稳定型、过渡型和稳定型。根据廓线变化方式分为深夜清晨型、中午型、傍晚型。分析表明,秋季O3浓度与温度、相对湿度、比湿、风速有关。在深夜和清晨出现逆温层,在逆温层内O3浓度较低。O3浓度与相对湿度呈负相关,02:00和08:00的相关性最显著。在深夜和清晨比湿与O3浓度基本上是呈反相的关系。O3浓度与风速的相关性除了深夜相对较高外(R=0.699,n=33,p0.001),其余时间均不太明显。     

The variation characteristics and effect factors of surface ozone concentration in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland

Based on automatic continuous surface ozone concentration observation data from June 10, 2010 to March 20, 2012 in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland, combined with corresponding meteorological data, the temporal, seasonal and daily variation characteristics of surface ozone concentrations under different weather conditions were analyzed. At the same time, the main fac- tors affecting ozone variation are discussed. Results show that： （1） Daily variation of ozone concentration was characterized by one obvious peak, with gentle changes during the night and dramatic changes during the day. The lowest concentration was at 09：00 and the highest was at 18：00. Compared to urban areas, there was a slight time delay. （2） Ozone concentration variation had a weekend effect phenomenon. Weekly variation of ozone concentration decreased from Monday to Wednesday with the lowest in Wednesday, and increased after Thursday with the highest in Sunday. （3） The highest monthly average concentration was 89.6 I.tg/m3 in June 2010, and the lowest was 32.0 ~g/m3 in January 2012. Ozone concentration reduced month by month from June to December in 2010. （4） Ozone concentration in spring and summer was higher than in autumn and winter. The variation trend agreed with those in other large and medium-sized cities. （5） Under four different types of weather, daily ozone concentration var- ied most dramatically in sunny days, followed by slight variation in rain days, and varied gently in cloudy days. Ozone concentra- tion varied inconspicuously before a sandstorm appearance, and dropped rapidly at the onset of a sandstorm. （6） Daily variation of radiation was also characterized by a single peak, and the variation was significantly earlier than ozone concentration variation. Sun radiation intensity had a direct influence on the photochemical reaction speed, leading to variation of ozone concentration. （7） Daily average ozone concentration in dust weather was higher than in slight rain and clear days. The variation of near surface ozone concentration could also be affected by meteorological factors such as relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction and sunshine hours. Thus, numerous factors working together led to ozone pollution.     

活沙障适宜树种选择研究

经过7年的试验研究,根据保存率、生长状况、抗性等6个指标,选择了东疆沙拐枣、花棒、柠条、梭梭等8个适宜的植物种。对其中在沙丘顶部表现较好的4个植物种在高大的流动沙丘上进行聚沙阻沙的造林试验,根据抗风蚀、抗沙埋、抗干旱的能力及聚沙阻沙的效果,最终选出了东疆沙拐枣为建造活沙障的最佳植物种。     

雅鲁藏布江中游沙地植物区系与阿拉善荒漠植物区系的比较

从区系地理成分来看,雅鲁藏布江中游沙地植物区系以东亚成分(中国-喜马拉雅成分)占绝对优势,而阿拉善荒漠则以亚洲中部荒漠成分(即戈壁成分)占主导地位。另外,两个地区的地方特有成分的优势都十分明显,但雅鲁藏布江中游沙地中的特有种大都是在青藏高原隆起以后由于特殊的生境(高寒、干旱)而分化出来的新种,而阿拉善荒漠中的特有种大都是些古老的单种属和寡种属。雅鲁藏布江中游沙地植物区系和阿拉善荒漠植物区系都具有古老的热带起源,然而前者是在古老的第三纪热带植物区系的基础上,在高原隆升过程中经过山区特化和气候特化形成的新的年轻的区系,而后者则较多地保留了热带起源特别是古地中海起源的古老性。     

新疆柽柳属植物研究及推广应用

柽柳属植物不仅是优良的耐盐树种, 还是极好的固沙植物, 它对荒漠生态环境的恢复与改善具有重要的意义。通过引种、育苗和造林技术的研究, 柽柳属植物在新疆的广大沙漠和盐碱地区得以大面积的推广, 取得了良好的生态、社会和经济效益。     

几种主要固沙措施的价值分析

以甘肃民勤沙区为例,采用ABC分析法选取了当地6种主要固沙措施,将其功能分解为主要功能和次要功能。主要功能定义为固阻流沙的功能,以1-蚀积系数表示;次要功能定义为改善土壤理化性质的功能,以增加土壤有机质、全氮量和<0.1mm的沙粒的相对值表示,调查计算了固沙措施功能周期内的全部成本,从功能和成本两方面进行了价值分析,为选用固沙效果显著且投资相对低廉的固沙措施提供科学依据。     

Desert detritivory: Nutritional ecology of a dung beetle (Pachysoma glentoni) subsisting on plant litter in arid South African sand dunes

Dry conditions limit microbial decomposition of plant litter in deserts, which leaves a primary role to detritivorous macroarthropods. In the sandy arid strip along the west coast of South Africa, such detritivores include the large scarabaeid dung beetle Pachysoma glentoni. Highly unusual among dung beetles, this species collects surface litter and drags it into an underground storage and feeding chamber which is abandoned after 6–7 days. Fresh stores for single beetles and for breeding pairs (mean depths: 30 and 39 cm) contained about 1.1 and 2.9 g organic matter, respectively. Using ergosterol as a biomarker for fungal biomass, we tested the hypotheses that (1) the dry detritus takes up water underground; (2) this promotes fungal growth on the detritus, and (3) fungi are the main food of the beetles. These hypotheses were disproved, but the stored litter, including floral remains, was shown to have relatively high quality (mean atomic C:N ratio: 35) and the beetles assimilated about 60% of it. Estimated weekly water gain per beetle, supplied entirely by the food, was about 0.6 g. Our results highlight unique nutritional adaptations to survival in deserts without the usual dung beetle food: wet dung of large herbivores.     

天山山区与塔克拉玛干沙漠云水资源的对比分析

采用NASA地球观测系统(EOS)云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)2002年7月至2004年6月CERES SSF AquaMOD IS Edition 1B云资料,对天山山区和塔克拉玛干沙漠云水资源进行了研究。得到的结果不仅包括云量、云液态水柱含量,还包括云滴尺度,为无人区的人工增水作业和天气气候研究提供了基础数据。与以往的卫星观测云气候全球数据集相比,该资料具有更高的空间分辨率,且其观测仪器和云反演方法得到了进一步改善,因此其结果较以往更可信。研究结果表明,两地区云参量年变化规律不尽相同,在数值上有很大差别。除了动力条件和气候背景以外,这可能与沙尘气溶胶可以影响云的物理特性和生命期有关。由年变化来看,天山山区的月平均总云量为47%~72%,而塔克拉玛干沙漠为12%~50%;天山山区低云的月平均液态水柱含量为56.6~96.0 g/cm2,高云为30.5~59.8 g/cm2。而塔克拉玛干沙漠低云的月平均液态水柱含量为19.4~43.9 g/cm2,高云为9.3~59.0 g/cm2;天山山区的月平均云滴半径低云为12.6~16.0μm,高云为8.6~14.8μm。而塔克拉玛干沙漠地区低云云滴半径8.8~...     

古尔班通古特沙漠风沙土微量元素对植被格局的影响

横穿古尔班通古特沙漠,测度了沙漠植被盖度、物种多样性和丰富度等格局参数及微地形、土壤理化性质。在此基础上,借助ICP/MS仪测定了沙漠表层（0~10 cm）和次表层（10~30 cm）风沙土中Cu、Zn、Mo、Fe、Co、Ni、Mn、V、Se、B微量元素含量。利用t-检验和CCA排序的方法,分析了微量元素在风沙土中的空间分布特征和对植被格局的影响。结果显示,地势较高的东部Ni和Mn的含量高于其他地段。地势较低、土壤中水分、有机质、全盐含量较高的西部,Mo、Cu、Zn、Fe、Se含量较高。Fe的高含量值主要出现在分选差、有机质较多的风沙土中。另外,绝大多数微量元素在表层风沙土中的平均含量高于浅层。对比不同微量元素成分条件下的乔灌木和草本层片植物组成和结构特征,发现乔灌木层片基本格局所受影响不明显,草本层片则在沙漠生境下已形成的植物群丛内部发生分化,出现多个小的植物组合。     

准噶尔荒漠120种植物粘液繁殖体的甄别与比较

用粘沙法对准噶尔荒漠22科81属120种植物进行了粘液繁殖体的甄别和粘沙能力比较试验,结果表明:①共有22种植物具有粘液现象,占总数的18.33%,集中于菊科、十字花科和车前科;②综合浇水2 mm和水浸20 min两种处理结果发现,分泌粘液粘沙后种子重量变化较大的植物有盐生车前、光苞独行菜、庭荠和栉叶蒿等,且对于大多数物种来说,水浸20 min处理时的粘沙量明显高于浇水2 mm处理时的粘沙量;③两种处理结果所得粘沙量大小排序稍有不同,进行平均后得到的顺序是:盐生车前>光苞独行菜>庭荠>栉叶蒿>独行菜>抱茎独行菜>条叶庭荠>条叶车前>小果亚麻荠>小车前>亚麻荠>全缘独行菜>毛果群心菜>播娘蒿>群心菜>四齿芥>油蒿>甘新念珠芥>大蒜芥>多型大蒜芥>棱果芥>山柳菊叶糖芥;④除群心菜、条叶车前、小车前外,其他19种植物的未粘沙种子单粒干重均小于1 mg;粘沙能力与种子单粒干重之间没有显著关系,而单粒干重<0.5 mg的种子其粘沙能力相对较强;⑤粘液繁殖体是某些荒漠植物降低位移、适应流沙或干旱环境的一种有效手段,但在粘沙能力和适应不同粘液溶出条件等方面表现出物种之间的差异性。