塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地地下水质的应用评价

长期利用高矿化度地下水灌溉造成沙质土壤的次生盐渍化是塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地建立人工生态系统的主导限制因素之一。据１９９２年与１９９４年在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地满参与中三点２年的试验研究结果认为：在灌溉水的适宜应用条件下，利用矿化度为４ｇ／Ｌ～５ｇ／Ｌ的地下水灌溉种植瓜果蔬菜和固沙植物是能够成功的；生长季内土壤含盐量＜０．１％。     

Calibrated, late Quaternary age indices using clast rubification and soil development on alluvial surfaces in Pilot Knob Valley, Mojave Desert, southeastern California

The orange coating (varnish) that forms on the undersides (ventral sides) of clasts in desert pavements constitutes a potential relative-age indicator. Using Munsell color notation, we semiquantified the color of the orange, ventral varnish on the undersides of clasts from 15 different alluvial fan and terrace surfaces of various ages ranging from less than 500 to about 25,000 yr. All of the surfaces studied are located along the central portion of the left-lateral Garlock fault, in the Mojave Desert of southern California. The amount of left-lateral offset may be used to determine the relative ages of the surfaces. The previously published slip rate of the fault may also be used to estimate the absolute age of each surface. The color of the ventral varnish is strongly correlated with surface age and appears to be a more reliable age-indicator than the percentage coverage of dorsal varnish. Soil development indices also were not as strongly correlated with age, as were the colors of the ventral varnish. In particular, rubification appears to be more useful than soils for distinguishing relative ages among Holocene surfaces. Humidity sensors indicated that the undersides of clasts condensed moisture nightly for a period of several days to over a week after each rain. These frequent wet-dry cycles may be responsible for the rapid development of clast rubification on Holocene surfaces.     

塔里木沙漠公路植物固沙灌溉方式比较研究

在塔里木沙漠公路沿线两侧建立植物固沙体系时首先应确定适宜的灌溉方式。从1998年开始，我们根据不同灌溉方式本身的优缺点与前期试验结果，结合立地条件，在塔里木沙漠公路L292处选择沟灌、畦灌与滴灌进行植物固沙灌溉方式比较试验，对不同灌溉方式植物生长状况、沙层直渍度变化、制度及成本投入比较分析后认为，滴灌不受起伏沙丘地形限制，水利利用效率高，能够保证植物正常生长，且费用最低，因而是塔里木沙漠公路植物固沙的首选灌溉方式。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠土壤水分运动参数的计算

利用田间实测的一套土壤含水率对应基质势数据，根据Van Genuchten提出的水分特征曲线公式，用最小二乘法拟合了塔克拉玛干沙漠中部土壤的水分特征曲线方程。根据水分特征曲方程中的参数，采用Mualem提出的非饱和土壤导水率公式，推算了当地非饱和土壤导水率公式。并根据上述计算结果，推算了非饱和土壤扩散率和比水容量两个参数的计算公式。     

Trapping of airborne dust by mosses in the Negev Desert,Israel

Airborne silt and clay containing calcium carbonate, quartz, clays, marine nannoplankton, and aquatic diatoms are trapped among stems of mosses in the Negev Highlands Desert. The mosses were studied in an area with 70 mm mean annual rainfall. They grow over the particles covering them and trap additional dust as it comes, resulting in the accumulation of loess sediments. The mosses protect the accumulated soil from erosion by wind or water. Remnants of the moss leaves and stems were found at a depth of 15 mm and more. No particles or minerals typical to basalt were found in the moss-trapped soil. The function of cushiony mosses may be used to explain the processes of loess trapping and protection in larger areas in moister areas such as the Northern Negev. Microscopic fossils in the dust may be used as guides to the origin of the (aeolian) sediments.     

Reexamination of the rate of desert varnish formation reported south of barstow,California

Desert varnish is reported to have formed in 25 years on desert pavement stones in an abandoned road south of Barstow, California. It has been discovered that stones buried close to the surface of the roadbed and adjacent desert pavement bear the same dark desert varnish as the exposed stones at the surface. This and other observations refute the claim of 25 year old varnish.     

On the relationship between auriferous talc deposits hosted in volcanic rocks and massive sulphide deposits in Egypt

The volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposits in the Eastern Desert of Egypt (e.g., Um Saki deposit) are associated with Precambrian coarse acid pyroclastic rocks. The upper contacts of the massive sulphide body are sharp and well-defined; while the keel zone to the mineralization is always associated with pervasive alteration, characterized by the presence of septechlorite and talc, associated with variable amounts of carbonate and tremolite. On the other hand, the economic talc deposits in Egypt are hosted intensively altered volcanic rocks. Besides talc, chlorite, carbonates and tremolite that occur in variable amounts in these deposits, anomalously high concentrations of gold are also present.The present study showed that alterations in the talc deposits of Darhib, El Atshan, Abu Gurdi, Egat, Um Selimat and Nikhira are similar to those occurring in the keel zone underlying the VHMS of Um Samuki and that the chemical modifications due to alteration processes (additions of Mg, Fe, Mn and Ca coupled with depletions in silica, alkalies, alumina and titanium) are comparable, even the host rocks are different, thus reflecting a genetic relationship. It is suggested that, the examined localities of talc deposits are hosted in the intensively altered volcanics in the keel zones of volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits. Recently, detailed geophysical prospecting program, including electric (resistivity, self-potential and induced polarization), electromagnetic and magnetic methods, was carried out at Darhib, Abu Gurdi and Um Selimat talc deposits. The quantitative interpretation of these geophysical measurements revealed the presence of subsurface bodies of sulphides. The present distribution of talc and allied minerals in Darhib, El Atshan, Abu Gurdi, Egat, Um Selimat and Nikhira could be explained by a tectonic process in which the coarse acid pyroclastic rocks with massive sulphides have tilted in such way that the footwall rock alterations (talc and allied minerals) are exposed on the present-day surface at these localities. Structural studies are currently under way in an attempt to explain the deformation regime that led to the present situation of talc deposits.Two distinct spatial and mineralogical associations of gold mineralization could be identified in the volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits and their footwall alterations (the keel zone) in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. These are (1) gold–silver–zinc association, and (2) gold–copper association. In the former, gold grades are very low and silver is anomalous. This association occurs typically in the upper levels of the VHMS deposit where low-temperature sulphides are abundant. Gold was deposited because of the mixing between the ascending hot solutions and the sulphate-rich seawater. The upper levels of Um Samuki sulphide body represent this association. Gold–copper association, on the other hand, typically occurs in the footwall altered rocks (the keel zone) and the lowest parts of the massive sulphide body. Gold grades reach up to 5.54 ppm, but the average is 1 ppm. Silver is very low, usually in the range of 4–10 ppm. Lead usually, but not always, accompanies gold in this association. Deposition of gold probably took place due to decreasing of temperature and/or increasing pH of the ascending hot brines. The keel zones at Darhib, Abu Gurdi, El Atshan, Um Selimat, Nikhira and Egat talc mines better represent this association.     

A twenty‐one‐year record of surface change on a Namib linear dune

Repeated surveying of two sites on a Namib linear dune between 1980 and 2001 provides a 21‐year record of dune surface change. The surveys con?rm the view that the dunes are not inactive relics but are responding to the present‐day wind regime. They also provide no evidence that the dunes are migrating laterally. Examination of wind data for the survey period provides some evidence that the form of the crest of the dunes is actively responding to the natural year‐by‐year climate variability, such that an increase in the frequency of easterly winds leads to the development of a double‐crested form while fewer easterly winds lead to a single‐crested form. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘水资源开发与绿洲生态环境负效应

主要讨论塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的自然环境特点、水资源及其开发利用，揭示在百年来气候变化和人类活动影响下，特别是近50年来，对沙漠南缘的生态脆弱带的绿洲产生明显的生态环境负效应，引起的生态环境退化极不利于区域可持续发展。为此需要从区域生态环境战略考虑，调整水资源配置和优化利用，实施天然绿洲与人工绿洲相应的保护和并重发展，逐步恢复天然绿洲的水分生态平衡。这样，才能遏制住强劲的区域土地退化态势，抵御沙漠化灾害，并走向良性循环。     

A simple model for potential dewfall in an arid region

It is not always easy to know, post-facto, whether both dewfall and fog may have occurred over a given evening period. Instrumentation limitations make it difficult to quantify dew deposition since they rely on artificial sensing surfaces that are either visually examined on a daily basis or recorded. In arid to Mediterranean regions, both dew and fog can play significant ecological roles as suppliers of moisture. Long-term observation records of dew and fog in such regions tend to be limited, however, due partly to a lack of interest and limited distribution of well-instrumented meteorological stations. Simple meteorological criteria are suggested here to calculate potential dewfall and to indicate whether fog was likely to have occurred over a given evening. A field campaign was carried out in the NW Negev desert, Israel, in September and October 1997, to collect meteorological data and carry out dewfall measurements.