基于树轮宽度的巴丹吉林沙漠南缘山地NDVI重建与分析

利用巴丹吉林沙漠南缘山地三个采样点的青海云杉树轮样本研制出区域树轮宽度年表。相关分析发现区域树轮宽度年表与5-7月NDVI变化有较好相关性,相关系数为0.667 (P<0.001)。利用线性回归模型重建了巴丹吉林沙漠南缘山地1765–2010年5-7月NDVI变化,方差解释量为44.5%。NDVI重建序列揭示在1765–2010年期间巴丹吉林沙漠南缘山地有10个植被生长良好时段和10个植被生长较差时段。同时,NDVI重建序列的低值与河西走廊极端干旱历史事件有着良好的一致性。多窗谱周期分析发现,巴丹吉林沙漠南缘山地5-7月NDVI重建序列具有10.1年,8.1年,4.9年,3.0年,2.6年和2.2年的准周期变化。交叉小波分析发现太阳黑子活动是区域NDVI变化的重要驱动力之一。基于NDVI与区域干湿变化良好相关,分析了极端低值年份和极端高值年份的矢量风场距平变化发现区域NDVI变化与大范围气候场变化有显著关联,发现当西风增强时,研究区气候偏湿,有利于树木生长,NDVI值偏高,形成较宽的树轮。当研究区被来自北面沙漠地区气流控制时候,研究区气流偏干,不利于树木生长。     

毛乌素沙地汉代古城遗址空间格局及驱动力分析

运用最近邻指数法、空间分析法和耦合分析方法,研究了毛乌素沙地31座汉代古城遗址的分布特征,探讨了古城遗址空间格局与地理环境要素之间的关系。通过对31处古城址进行点格局分析,得出古城遗址间平均最近邻直线距离为25.5 km,属于凝聚分布模式。汉代古城遗址主要集中在4个集聚区,即秦长城—秦直道强影响区（A）、秦长城—秦直道弱影响区（B）、西南集聚区（C）及西北集聚区（D）。其中,秦长城—秦直道强影响区（A）是最主要的遗址分布区,占古城址总量的48.4%。毛乌素沙地汉代古城遗址呈西疏东密的分布特征,形成明显的“空间组群”格局。在当时的气候背景下,地貌和水资源等自然因素主要制约城址的选择,而政治、军事和交通区位等人文因素则对古城遗址的数量和空间结构起主导作用。     

柴达木盆地风沙地貌区风况特征

利用自动气象观测仪所记录的1年风速数据,计算并分析了柴达木盆地风速、风向及输沙势等风况特征的时空变化。结果表明:该区风速最大值出现在春季,最小值出现在冬季,季节变化明显,且在空间上表现为自西北向东南递增的趋势;起沙风风向以NW、WNW为主,主风向和次风向的组合在空间分布上存在明显不同,风况与沙丘类型比较吻合;常年以稳定的西北气流为主,东南气流所占比重小,仅出现在夏季;柴达木盆地整体属于中风能环境,一年中风沙活动最强烈的季节为春季,风沙活动强度由西北向东南逐渐增强。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路人工防护林植被的C, N化学计量特征及其固存能力研究

本研究以塔克拉玛干沙漠公路沿线生物防护林为研究对象,研究防护林三种主要建林植物不同器官的C,N含量及其生物量,进而估算其C, N固存能力及固碳释氧价值。结果显示：沙拐枣每个器官的生物量均显著高于梭梭和柽柳(P<0.05),个体的总生物量是梭梭和柽柳的2-3倍。整个防护林在建林8年后的总生物量达到116786.4 t。C,N含量在不同器官中的含量不尽相同,三种植物均表现为凋落物C含量最低。而植物叶中的N含量均显著高于枝,凋落物和根系(P<0.05)。建林8年后梭梭单株的固碳量为1404.6g,固氮量为201.5g,柽柳单株的固碳量为1449.7g,固氮量为195.4g,沙拐枣单株的固碳量和固氮量显著高于其他两种,分别为3979.8g,为520.9g,(P<0.05)。建林8年后整个防护林的总固碳植为35886.3 t,总固氮值为4917.7 t。整个防护林的固碳总价值为22555.3万元,释氧价值为50320万元,总的固碳释氧价值达72875.3万元。     

Environmental conditions leading to the formation of Holocene soil layers in the Northern Taklimakan Desert,Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Radiocarbon‐dated palaeontological remains and bedding features suggests that climatic changes in the northern Taklimakan Desert since the beginning of the Holocene can be divided into four stages: (i) 12 000–10 000 BP, a cool–to temperate–dry climate resulting in apparent alluvial–fluvial and weak aeolian activities; (ii) 10 000–8000 BP, a dry cold climate, resulting in large‐scale sand dune activity under regional desert expansion; (iii) 8000–3000 BP dry, warm climate, with a decreased area of shifting sand and the fixation of many sand dunes; (iv) 3000 BP to present, rising aeolian activity resulting in sandstorms, under the combined influence of climatic warming and excessive exploitation of land and water resources. Holocene deposits from profiles in the Northern Taklimakan Desert consist mainly of fine‐grained aeolian sand and silty clay. The fine aeolian sand was formed from re‐sorting of aeolian sand during the cold period of the Holocene, while the silty clay was formed by flood deposition in the Holocene warm period. The desert and desert steppe arboreal species and high CaCO₃ content of the warm period strata suggest that the Holocene climate in the area, although generally dry, varied between warm/dry and cold/dry, and, especially in recent times, has become increasingly dry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sensitivity to climate change for two reptiles at the Mojave-Sonoran Desert interface

The high temperatures and extended droughts that characterize habitat for desert-living reptiles may already approach their physiological tolerances and so could put them at risk due to climate change. Here I examined climate change sensitivity for desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, and common chuckwallas, Sauromalus ater, two large-bodied reptiles that occur across the Mojave-Sonoran Desert interface. I employed the Mahalanobis D² statistic to model their niche spaces and then assessed climate-change sensitivity by altering climate variables along a gradient of increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. While shifting climate variables, I held terrain and soils variables that otherwise define these species’ preferred habitat constant, providing a more realistic prediction of available niche space. Both reptiles’ modeled niches responded to climate change by shifting to higher elevations and increasingly away from their Sonoran Desert distribution. At moderate predictions of climate change (+2 °C, −50 mm precipitation) desert tortoises’ suitable habitat was reduced by nearly 88% in the Sonoran Desert portions my study area, and nearly 66% in the Mojave Desert regions. Under the same scenario chuckwallas lost nearly 92%, but increased 120% respectively. Within the context of climate change potential increases in drought frequency appear to present the greater challenge for these species.     

毛乌素沙地植被与地下水关系

以植被的种群和盖度、地下水埋深、包气带含水率、地下水矿化度和包气带含盐量等指标,研究毛乌素沙漠腹地地区植被与地下水的关系,确立了研究区优势植被沙蒿（Artemisia）、沙柳（Salix psammophila）和苔草（Carex）的适生地下水埋深、包气带含水率、地下水矿化度和包气带含盐量。研究表明：地下水埋深、包气带含水量对植被种群影响非常敏感,而地下水矿化度和包气带含盐量则为不敏感指标。另外,地下水埋深对以地下水为水分来源的植被盖度较为敏感,而总盖度为不敏感指标。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠风况特征研究

通过17个站1996-2000年风资料的统计和计算,对塔克拉玛干沙漠风况特征进行研究,结果发现：(1)塔克拉玛干沙漠作用风系以东北风和西北风为主,在纵向和横向上主风向都呈现出明显变化规律;(2)输沙势计算结果表明,除若羌地区外整个塔克拉玛干沙漠处于低风能环境;(3)大多数区域RDP／DP值都大于0．5,呈现单峰或锐双峰特征。     

大气红外探测器(AIRS)资料在塔克拉玛干沙漠的适用性检验与评估

由于沙漠恶劣的环境,观测站点稀少,塔克拉玛干沙漠地区的温度、湿度时空分布很难仅仅依靠少量的常规观测资料分析得到,高分辨率的大气红外探测器（AIRS）资料可有效弥补这个空缺。地形和地表发射率是影响AIRS反演温湿度廓线产品进度的两大要素,在塔里木盆地的塔克拉玛干沙漠地区使用AIRS温湿度产品必须首先对其质量进行检验。本研究主要对2016年7月1~15日晴空背景下AIRS反演的温度、位势高度、水汽数据在塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边绿洲地区在早晨和傍晚的可信度作了详细的对比分析。结果表明：（1） AIRS卫星资料集里的温度资料与探空数据有很好的吻合度。温度资料在沙漠腹地尚有较小偏差,在周边绿洲地区尤其是其中高层一致性较高。AIRS反演温度在沙漠腹地的塔中站在早晨各层的偏差明显大于傍晚,其余各站早晨和傍晚反演偏差不大。（2） AIRS卫星测得的位势高度资料几乎与探空资料的完全一致,是本对比研究中观测质量最好的要素,但AIRS探测层次能达到1 hPa,探测高度优于探空。（3）反演的湿度廓线与探空偏差较大。AIRS资料的混合比在300 hPa上的高层与探空吻合,在中层偏干,低层偏湿,低层水汽探测误差可能与盆地地形和沙漠下垫面有关。（4）早晨沙漠腹地的塔中站AIRS反演气温平均偏差在各层均比其余7个绿洲站明显偏大,在500 hPa以下的低层明显偏冷,在其上明显偏暖,偏暖幅度随高度的升高而增大。早晨绿洲AIRS反演温度在所有气压层上温度偏差绝对值均在1℃以内,均方根误差小于2℃,傍晚偏差绝对值在3℃以内,均方根误差在700 hPa以下的低层较高层大,700 hPa以上在3℃以内。绝对误差在早晨和傍晚均随高度的升高而减小,在100 hPa以上又有逆转,这种逆转在塔中站尤为明显。     

Late Quaternary hydrological dynamics in the Middle Kalahari: Forcing and feedbacks

The Kalahari region has become a major source of Quaternary palaeoenvironmental data derived primarily from the analysis of geomorphological proxies of environmental change. One suite of data, from palaeolacustrine landforms, has recently provided a new record of major hydrological changes in the last 150 ka [Burrough, S. L., Thomas, D. S. G., Bailey, R. M., 2009. Mega-Lake in the Kalahari: A Late Pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system. Quaternary Science Reviews, in press.]. Here we present an improved analysis of the drivers and feedbacks of lake level change, utilising information from three main sources: data from the lake system itself, from analyses of other late Quaternary records within the region and from climate modelling. Simulations using the Hadley Centre coupled climate model, HadCM3, suggest that once triggered, the lake body was large enough to potentially affect both local and regional climates. Surface waters and their interactions with the climate are therefore an important component of environmental dynamics during the late Quaternary. Through its capacity to couple Middle Kalahari environments to distant forcing mechanisms and to itself force environmental change, we demonstrate that the existence or absence of megalake Makgadikgadi adds a new level of complexity to the interpretations of environmental proxy records in southern Africa's summer rainfall zone.