塔克拉玛干沙漠塔中地区春夏季风蚀起沙研究

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区的观测资料,对塔中地区春夏季地表土壤风蚀起沙的临界摩擦速度及其变化特征和起沙风速进行了分析研究,并计算了2008年4月19日和7月19日两次沙尘暴天气过程沙漠地表的风蚀起沙量。结果表明:塔中地区春夏季地表起沙的临界摩擦速度为0.26 m·s-1;2 m高度的临界起沙风速约为4.1 m·s-1;两次沙尘暴过程的顺风向沙粒通量和垂直尘粒通量的平均值分别为17.44×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1 、13.8×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1、164.69×10-4 kg·m-1·s-1和799.77×10-8 kg·m-2·s-1;沙尘通量的变化与风速及摩擦速度的变化具有一致性。     

巴丹吉林沙漠东南部湖泊和地下水的氢氧同位素特征

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊和地下水氢氧同位素分析,讨论了沙漠湖水和地下水的补给关系,并结合地下水可溶性固体总量的特征,进一步探讨了巴丹吉林沙漠的蒸发特性。根据氢氧同位素的分析结果,本研究区的蒸发趋势线方程为:δD=4.1δ18O-30.02‰（n=37,R2=0.94）较低的斜率显示了巴丹吉林沙漠强烈的蒸发环境特征。巴丹吉林沙漠东南部湖泊和地下水具有相似的蒸发趋势,推测两者之间存在补给关系。根据沙漠腹地地下水氧同位素值富集程度高于东南部地下水氧同位素值的特点,得出前者蒸发较后者强烈。进而对比其他干旱条件下盐湖的蒸发,结果显示巴丹吉林沙漠湖水存在过度蒸发效应。     

A Late Jurassic fossil assemblage in Gondwana: Biostratigraphy and correlations of the Tacuarembó Formation, Parana Basin, Uruguay

The Tacuarembó Formation has yielded a fossil assemblage that includes the best known body fossils, consisting of isolated scales, teeth, spines, and molds of bones, recovered from thin and patchy bonebeds, from the Botucatu Desert, Parana Basin, South America. The remains are preserved in the sandstones widespread around the city of Tacuarembó. We propose a new formalized nomenclature for the Tacuarembó Formation, naming its “Lower” and “Upper” members as the Batoví (new name) and Rivera (new rank) members, respectively. An assemblage zone is defined for the Batoví Member (fluviolacustrine and aeolian deposits). In this unit, the freshwater hybodontid shark Priohybodus arambourgi D’Erasmo is well represented. This species was previously recorded in Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous units of the Sahara and the southern Arabian Peninsula. Globally considered, the fossil assemblage of this member (P. arambourgi, dipnoan fishes, Ceratosaurus-like theropods, and conchostracans) is indicative of a Kimmeridgian–Tithonian age, which in combination with the stratigraphic relationships of the Tacuarembó Formation with the overlying basalts of the Arapey Formation (132 My average absolute age) implies that the latter was deposited during the Kimmeridgian–Hauterivian interval.     

Analysis of an oasis microclimate in China’s hyperarid zone

The microclimate of a desert oasis in China’s hyperarid zone was monitored, analysed and compared to that of nearby forested lands. Factors associated with differences in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between clear, cloudy and dust storm days are discussed. Desert oases were shown to fulfill ecological functions such as altering solar radiation, adjusting near-ground and land surface temperatures, reducing temperature differences, lowering wind velocity, and increasing soil and atmospheric humidity. Total solar radiation within the oasis was roughly half that above the forest canopy. During the growing season, air temperatures in Populus euphratica Olivier and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. woodlands were, on average, 1.62 and 0.83°C lower, respectively, than that in surrounding woodlands. The greater the forest cover, the greater was the difference in temperature. Air temperature was higher at the upper storey than that at the lower storey of the community, i.e., air temperature increased with increasing height above the soil surface. During the growing season, relative humidity was higher in woodlands than in surrounding areas: relative humidity in P. euphratica and T. ramosissima woodlands were, on average, 8.5 and 4.2% higher, respectively, than that in the surrounding area. Mean wind velocity in the P. euphratica forest land was 0.33 m/s, 2.31 m/s lower than that in the surrounding area. On dust storm days PAR and total radiation, Q, were significantly lower than that on cloudy or clear days. Their ratio, η _Q  = PAR/Q, was larger and much more variable on dust storm days than that on clear or cloudy days.     

The variation of morphological features and mineralogical components of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert of Northwestern China

Increasingly complex life forms were found in older biological soil crusts in the Gurbantaunggut Desert in Northwestern China. These crusts may play a critical role in mineral erosion and desert soil formation by modifying the weathering environment and ultimately affecting mineralogical variance. To test this hypothesis, variations in the morphological features and mineralogical components of successional biological soil crusts at 1 cm were studied by optical microscopy, SEM and grain size analysis. Concentrations of erosion-resistant minerals decreased with crust succession, while minerals susceptible to weathering increased with crust development. Neogenetic minerals were found in late stage crusts, but not in early stage crusts. Silt and clay concentrations were highest in early formation crusts and soil mean particle size decreased with crust succession. Cyanobacteria, lichen and moss were shown to erode and etch rocks, and secondary minerals produced by weathering were localized with the living organisms. Thus, more developed crusts appeared to contribute to greater mineral weathering and may be a major cause of mineralogical variance seen in the Gurbantunggut Desert. The greater activity and complexity of older crusts, as well as their improved moisture condition may function to accelerate mineral weathering. Therefore, protection and recovery of biological crusts is vital for desert soil formation.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地总辐射变化特征及影响因子分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测站(塔中站)直接探测的总辐射资料,对流动沙漠区近地层总辐射的变化特征及影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:总辐射的连续日变化对天气现象有不同程度的反映,天气现象较少的1月逐日总辐射上下变动的离散度较小,4月最大;1月、4月、8月、10月总辐射的平均日变化曲线皆呈正态分布,与同纬度地区比较,其年变幅较小;总辐射瞬时最大值为1 182.6 W·m-2,未超过太阳常数。总辐射随总云量增多而降低,且其在碧空最大,高、中、低云时逐渐降低,阴天Ci、Ac、Sc和Cb的平均总辐射约比晴天时分别减少5%、27%、51%和59%;沙尘使总辐射降低较为显著,风沙季节总辐射日变化与地面风速日变化对应,且主要受控于湍流作用,最大值出现与热力湍流和地面风力有关。     

位涡和Q矢量诊断在毛乌素沙地沙尘天气预报中的应用

利用常规的天气图、卫星云图、湿位涡和Q矢量等,对2007年4月30日和2007年5月2日发生在毛乌素沙地的两次沙尘天气进行了综合分析\.结果表明:对流层低层MPV1＜0中尺度对流不稳定区的生成,为干对流的发生提供了不稳定能量条件;来自上游对流层中高层的干侵入和扰动干侵入在沙尘天气发生过程中起着重要作用;对流层低层由Q矢量辐散、辐合激发生成的次级环流为沙尘天气发生、发展和维持提供了动力机制。在对毛乌素沙地中β尺度沙尘暴的预报预警过程中,同时应考虑下沉对流有效位能的作用。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠起沙风况

塔克拉玛干沙漠大部分地区以东北风系为主,西南边缘由西北风系控制,西北边缘多以北风为主,南部边缘均有一定数量的偏南风出现。麦盖提、金星和民丰一带为东北风系和西北风系交替控制。有５种风况类型：窄风况型、宽风况型、双风况型、三风况型和多风况型,分别对应复合型横向、斜向、纵向沙垄、星状沙丘和穹状沙丘,起沙风速基本以若羌为高值区向沙漠西部减少。     

Stable isotopes and soil-geomorphology as indicators of Holocene climate change, northern Chihuahuan Desert

Coeval δ¹³C shifts recorded in buried soils at both piedmont slope and basin floor sites in the northern Chihuahuan Desert indicate a major shift from C₄grasses to C₃desert-scrub between 7 and 9 ka. The age assignments are based on stratigraphic correlations to charcoal dates and carbon-14 dates of carbonate. This shift is synchronous with a period of cooling in the North Atlantic that may have triggered a period of drought in the south-western United States. Coinciding with this vegetation change, geomorphic evidence in Rio Grande, piedmont, and basin floor eolian environments indicates a major period of erosion. Subsequent gradual enrichment of pedogenic carbonateδ¹³ C values in younger deposits suggests that C₄grasses rebounded in the late Holocene (approximately 4 ka), which is consistent with other evidence of increased moisture regionally. A period of less severe aridity at approximately 2·2 ka is indicated by erosion and subsequent deposition along the alluvial fans and within the basin, and correlates with depleted pedogenic carbonate δ¹³C values suggesting a decrease in C₄grasses. Isotope and packrat midden records should be used together to infer past environmental conditions at different elevations.     

早更新世以来腾格里沙漠形成与演化的风成沉积证据

对陇西盆地六盘山西侧山麓剥蚀面上厚约223 m的断岘黄土-古土壤剖面的古地磁、磁化率和粒度进行分析,该剖面具有1.8 Ma以来完整的风成沉积旋回。主要应用砂粒百分含量(>63μm)作为指示风成物质来源区沙漠范围和气候干旱的直接指标,初步发现腾格里沙漠自1.8 Ma以来至少有2次大的扩张与变化过程,分别发生在1.1和0.8 MaBP前后,表明腾格里沙漠的扩张与变化可能同全球性的冰量增加和冬季风增强以及区域性的青藏高原隆升有成因上的联系。