塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘气溶胶对低层大气的加热效应

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站2006年8月1日-2007年7月31日近地层80 m铁塔逐时温度、辐射和5 minPM10浓度、黑碳(BC)质量浓度、散射系数等数据,结合地面常规气象数据筛选出四季沙尘过程,剔除云的影响,以每次沙尘过程的晴空为大气背景值,分析沙尘气溶胶对低层大气的加热效应.结果表明,沙漠腹地沙尘过程对低层大气日平均温度有显著的增温效应,扬沙在冬、春季最剧烈,日平均温度分别高出晴空3.4和3.8℃,沙尘暴其次,浮尘最小.沙尘过程显著地增大了大气逆辐射量,沙尘暴日平均为晴空的1.24倍,扬沙为晴空的1.21倍.沙尘影响低层大气温度梯度分布,显著缩短了大气的逆温时间,减弱了逆温强度.沙尘过程对低层大气增温的原因,春季是大粒子浓度的显著增大,冬季是吸收性粒子的增多,而夏、秋季则为小粒子浓度的增大和散射系数的增大.低层大气温度梯度在扬沙天气随PM10的增加而减小,主要由低层10m以下大气温度变化引起;浮尘天气主要与小粒子浓度关系密切,其影响高度最大,春、夏季可以达全层80 m,秋、冬季也可超过32 m;沙尘暴一致性较差,除秋季外,均由2 m以内温度变化所致.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地一次风蚀起沙观测试验

风蚀起沙对生态环境、人类健康及社会经济等具有很大的负面效应。利用美国Sensit公司生产的H11-LIN型风蚀传感器及贴地层风速梯度探测仪,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区一次风蚀起沙过程进行了监测。结果表明：（1）风蚀起沙与微气象是一个互相影响互相制约的变化过程;（2）在此次观测试验过程中,我们观测到的最小起沙风速为6.0 m/s左右,同时发现起沙风速是一个变化的值,随着时间的延续呈现逐步增大的趋势,最小的起沙风速出现在风蚀开始发生的时候;（3）近地表风速廓线受沙粒运动影响明显,随着起沙量的增加,风速随高度变化的幅度增大,此时的风速廓线已不再遵循对数分布规律;（4）利用风蚀传感器测得塔中地区沙粒的临界起动摩擦速度为0.25 m/s,该值与经验公式估算的0.24 m/s非常接近,表明风蚀传感器在塔中地区具有较好的适用性;夏季塔中地区地表土壤湿度对风蚀起沙的阻碍作用可以忽略不计。 ?     

草原与荒漠过渡地带土地荒漠化特征分析--以库布齐沙漠及毗连地区为例

利用2000年的TM影像资料和Arcinfo以及Arcview等GIS软件,研究了库布齐沙漠及其毗连地区的土地荒漠化类型及特征,研究表明,该区土地荒漠化的类型主要是沙质荒漠化、土壤盐渍化和水土流失。面积分别为沙质荒漠化,24992．96km^2,占荒漠化土地面积的66％,其次是水土流失,9676．60km^2,占26％,土壤盐渍化面积3098．07km^2,仅占荒漠化土地的8％。指出由于该区域自然条件和人类活动方式、强度的差异,造成了土地荒漠化类型和程度在空间分布上的差异,并划分为5个治理分区,提出了各分区的治理对策。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠不同矿化度水灌溉造林试验研究

为了开发利用塔里木沙漠公路沿线的地下咸水进行防护林建设,在塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘开展了不同矿化度水灌溉造林试验。在流动风沙十和荒漠林土两种类型的土壤上,各设计6个灌溉水矿化度梯度：2g/L、5g/L、10g/L、15g/L、20g/L、28g/L,选择了4种耐盐植物：梭梭柴、头状沙拐枣、盐穗木、沙枣,研究不同类型土壤上灌溉水矿化度对植物生长的影响。结果表明：(1)随着灌溉水矿化度的增加,植物成活率下降,除2g/L水灌溉的植物生长量略低于5～10g/L外。生长量也基本随灌溉水矿化度的增加而减小：(2)土壤类型对植物的生长也有较大影响,流动风沙土中植物的成活率和生长量总体上高于荒漠林土中植物的成活率和生长量;(3)从四种植物之间的对比来看,梭梭柴适应能力最好,盐穗木和头状沙拐枣次之,沙枣适应能力最差。     

准噶尔盆地沙漠-绿洲雪面蒸发实验研究

根据2007年11月至2008年3月积雪期在古尔班通古特沙漠南缘和天山北坡阜康绿洲的雪面蒸发实验观测和资料分析,研究了准噶尔盆地沙漠-绿洲雪面蒸发特征.结果表明:沙漠区日均雪面蒸发量为0.015mm·d-1,绿洲区为0.02mm·d-1,观测期日蒸发为负值(净凝结)的天数占总观测日数的31.9%.冬季稳定积雪期沙漠区和绿洲区雪面蒸发总量分别为1.73mm和1.95mm,各占冬季降水量的6.51%和7.37%.沙漠垄间开阔地雪面蒸发比梭梭林内蒸发强,冬季12月至翌年2月垄间林内总蒸发量为-0.41mm,开阔地蒸发量0.86mm.影响准噶尔盆地冬季雪面蒸发的主导因素为气温,与天山山地及世界其它干旱地区相比,准噶尔盆地冬季雪面蒸发是最小的.低温、多雾天气是盆地低蒸发的重要原因.     

陕北统万城地区历史自然景观及毛乌素沙漠迁移速率

十六国时期夏国都城--统万城位于陕西省靖边 县城北无定河北岸,今天的自然景观属 于沙漠,仅存稀疏的次生灌丛和草本群落。但是,在约1600年以前,当地为温带干草原, 在塬面或山丘上分布有侧柏林,沟谷、河岸边生长喜温湿的乔木,河流、湖泊、沼泽中水生 植物繁盛,在丘间低洼处或盐碱土上分布有灌木和草本植物。当时该地区的年平均温度为7 8℃～9.3℃,最热月平均温度23.0℃～24.9℃,最冷月平均温度-12℃～-5.6℃,年 较差285℃～38.2℃,年 降雨量403.4～550.0 mm,最大月降雨量83.8～123.9 mm,最小月降雨量为4.4～1 2.2 mm。 当时的年平均温度比现在高出0.2℃～0.7℃,年降雨量也高出60～100 mm。如此的历史景 观今天 已经向南迁移,侧柏林或森林草原退缩至延安以南。在此近 1600年的时间里,毛乌素沙漠 分布范围不断扩大,其南部边缘推进了约200 km,推测沙漠扩展的速率达到平均125 m/ a。     

The nature of gold-bearing fluids in Atud gold deposit,Central Eastern Desert,Egypt

Electron microprobe analyses of gold and associated ore minerals as well as stable isotope analyses of sulphide and carbonate minerals were performed in order to determine the metal and fluid sources and temperature of the mineralizing systems to better understand the genesis of the Atud gold deposit hosted in the metagabbro–diorite complex of Gabal Atud (Central Eastern Desert, Egypt). The gold can be classified as electrum (63.6–74.3 wt.% Au and 24.6–26.6 wt.% Ag) and is associated with arsenopyrite and As-bearing pyrite in the main mineralization (gold-sulphides) phase within the main mineralized quartz veins and altered host rocks. Based on the arsenopyrite geothermometer, As-contents (29.3–32.7 atom%) in arsenopyrite point to deposition in the Log ?_S2 and T ranges of ?10.5 to ?5.5 and 305–450°C, respectively, during the main mineralizing phase. Based on the δ³⁴S isotopic compositions of the sulphides, they are originated from magmatic fluids in which the sulphur is either sourced directly from magma or remobilized from the magmatic rocks (gabbroic rocks). On the other hand, calcite formed from fluids having mainly magmatic mixed with variable metamorphic signatures based on its δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values. This work concluded that the gold-bearing ores at Atud deposit have magmatic sources leaching from the country intrusive rocks during water/rock interactions then remobilized during a metamorphic event. Therefore, the Atud gold deposit is classified as an intrusion-related gold deposit, in which the gabbro–diorite host intrusion acted as the source of metals which were mobilized and deposited as a result of the effects of NW–SE shearing.     

Palynological,palaeoenvironmental and sequence stratigraphical analyses of a Turonian-Coniacian sequence,Beni Suef Basin,Eastern Desert,Egypt: Implication of Pediastrum rhythmic signature

Sixteen samples from the “E” to “B” members of the Abu Roash Formation encountered in the Beni Suef Basin, Eastern Desert of Egypt were palynologically analyzed for palaeoenvironmental and sequence stratigraphic investigations. The integrated palynofacies and lithofacies analysis of the studied section indicates deposition of five alternating regressive and transgressive sequences in well-oxygenated, proximal shelf settings. The Abu Roash “E” and the upper “D” to the lower “C” members were deposited during pronounced regressive phases in oxic, shallow marginal marine settings. The upper “B” Member was deposited during a recurring regressive phase but of a lower magnitude in oxic, shallow inner neritic conditions. The lower “D” Member was deposited during a minor transgression phase in dysoxic, shallow inner neritic settings. While the upper “C” to the lower “B” section was deposited during a stronger transgressive episode in a relatively deep, inner neritic environment of prominent dysoxic conditions. This interchange in the depositional setting was documented by the pronounced and concurrent, cyclic nature of the freshwater algae, peridinioid dinoflagellate cysts, pteridophyte spores, and reworked sporomorphs with variable intensities. Their increasing and conversely their diminishing trends clearly reflect alternating regressive-transgressive periods of reduced and relatively normal salinity conditions, respectively. Overall, sedimentation of the studied Abu Roash section indicates a recurring rise in sea level, which accentuated during the earliest Santonian time.The analogous peaking in the Pediastrum signals with those of the pteridophyte spores and reworked taxa indicate a good connection between these Pediastrum signals and the pronounced fluviatile influxes of terrigenous sediments during regressive phases. Accordingly, this can be used to identify regressive sequence boundaries and hence the clastic reservoirs. Even with the small counts recorded herein, we believe high ratios of peridinioid/gonyalulacoid dinocysts are significantly paralleled by peaking signals of freshwater algae and regressive sedimentation phases. This must be preliminary documented here. Probably future palynological studies will be able to fully interpret and address this important Pediastrum rhythmic event in different sequence stratigraphic settings.The palynological parameters, age controlled sporomorph marker taxa, lithology, and gamma ray data were used to differentiate the Abu Roash members into three distinctive 3rd order depositional sequences (AR SQ1, AR SQ2, and AR SQ3). These sequences match well with the global stratigraphic sequences Tu 3, Tu 4, and Co 1 and connect the local rise in sea level to the global eustatic sea level rise.     

巴丹吉林沙漠石英δ18O值及其物源意义

巴丹吉林沙漠是世界上沙丘最高大的沙漠,其沙源研究对认识沙漠形成、高大沙山发育和防沙治沙工程有重要意义。石英是沙漠沉积物中常见的矿物,其氧同位素值可示踪物源。采集沙漠西北部、东部、东南部高大沙山、丘间低地与湖泊以及雅布赖山前的表层沉积物,测定了样品不同粒级的石英δ18O值。结果表明:①石英δ18O值随粒级减小有增大趋势,同一样品不同粒级石英δ18O值存在较大差异,相同粒级石英δ18O值也有变化。②石英δ18O值介于9.4‰~19.3‰,均值为13.3‰（n=55）;其中沙丘沙的石英δ18O值介于9.5‰~16.6‰,均值为12.9 ‰（n=39）;湖相沉积物的石英δ18O值介于9.4‰~19.3‰,均值为14.2‰（n=16）。③区域内,<16 μm粒级的石英δ18O值与16~64 μm、125~154 μm、200~250 μm、> 300 μm粒级的石英δ18O值都存在显著差异,但200~250 μm与 > 300 μm粒级的石英δ18O值没有显著差异;经区域对比,巴丹吉林沙漠 < 16 μm粒级的石英δ18O值与柴达木盆地沙漠、蒙古戈壁风成沉积物 < 16 μm石英δ18O值无显著差异,但巴丹吉林沙漠16~64 μm粒级的石英δ18O值与蒙古戈壁风成沉积物16~64 μm石英δ18O值存在显著差异;这似乎暗示研究区的细颗粒物质可能是远源的。巴丹吉林沙漠沉积物的石英δ18O值位于火成岩石英、砂岩和变质岩石英δ18O值分布阈值内,受区域地质条件、物源混合、粒级效应等因素的影响,砂粒级的石英δ18O值所指示的母岩成份特征与祁连山区岩石的岩性有较好吻合。     

巴丹吉林沙漠腹地地温变化特征

以巴丹吉林沙漠苏木巴润吉林观测站地温与气象数据为基础,分析巴丹吉林沙漠腹地地温变化特征。结果表明：（1）巴丹吉林沙漠地温、气温日变化特征明显,最高值出现时刻为17：00左右,相对东部地区滞后3 h;不同季节地温与气温变化趋势基本保持一致,地温变化相对气温、太阳辐射明显滞后;（2）地温在11月末至2月降至0 ℃以下,深度60 cm下全年高于0 ℃,地温变化幅度随深度增加逐渐减小;（3）地温变化幅度直接由太阳辐射强度决定,但影响地温的环境因子存在季节性特征,春、秋、冬季主要影响因子为气温、太阳辐射及降水,气温和太阳辐射的影响具有连续性,降水则导致地温骤减,风速仅在夏季影响地温。