60ka来腾格里沙漠东南缘风成沉积与沙漠演化

对腾格里沙漠东南缘风成沉积相典型剖面(中卫南山剖面)年代的测定,建立了60 ka以来腾格里沙漠演化的时间序列,并结合各地层粒度组分分析结果认为60 ka以来腾格里沙漠演化共经历了5个阶段。60~20 ka B.P.,腾格里沙漠的范围远没有到达现在的位置;20~10 ka B.P.,沙漠向东南方向大规模扩展,奠定了东南缘现代沙漠环境的格局;8.1~5.2 ka B.P.,沙漠东南部得到固定,沙漠范围缩小;11~8.1ka B.P.与5.2 ka B.P.至现代两阶段和现代沙漠环境接近。     

沙漠地区不良工程地质现象——以塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地为例

风沙土是形成于干旱区、半干旱区的一种特殊性质的土。由于风沙土赋存环境及其工程地质性质的特殊性,沙漠地区的工程建筑要经受更为严酷的自然环境的考验,常常引起不良的工程地质现象,影响工程建筑的安全运行。沙漠地区的地质灾害主要为盐害、沙害及地基不均匀沉降。本文分析了产生这些不良工程地质现象的原因及条件,并提出防治意见。     

塔里木沙漠公路风沙危害分异规律的研究

从塔里木沙漠公路风沙危害的影响因素入手,分析了公路沙害水平分异和垂直分异的原因,并给出相应的分异规律。公路沙害的水平分异是在不同风沙地貌背景上不同的风力及组合综合作用的结果,同时受人为因素对防沙体系设置的影响;公路沙害的垂直分异通过不同地貌部位体现出来,它是由地形地貌对风动力、有效沙物质量、公路断面形式和防沙体系防护作用等因素的分异作用来实现的。     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮小尺度分异的环境特征

古尔班通古特沙漠广泛存在的生物结皮,对地貌部位有极强的选择性分布,其实质是生物对环境条件综合适应的一种生态表现。2002年3~11月在个体沙丘表面初步开展了生物结皮类型小尺度环境分异规律研究。结果表明:苔藓结皮、地衣结皮和藻类结皮依次分布于垄间、沙垄两坡中部和坡上部,从垄间往垄顶,生物结皮盖度逐渐减小,厚度变薄,抗压性减弱。苔藓结皮分布区的物质组成以细沙和极细沙为主,春季表层土壤水分在5%以上,短命植物广泛发育,基质稳定;坡中部的地衣结皮分布区以细沙为主,春季表层土壤水分在4%左右,短命植物亦有广泛分布,地表受风沙活动影响较小;沙垄上部和顶部的藻类结皮分布区,是沙垄表面活动性最强和土壤水分最差的区域,物质组成以中沙为主,高等植物中白梭梭为优势种,可见藻结皮是三类结皮中最能适应恶劣环境的生物结皮类型。     

乌兰布和沙漠北部全新世地貌演化

根据对乌兰布和沙漠北部地区全新世风沙和湖泊沉积记录及其沉积时代进行分析,认为全新世以来,乌兰布和沙漠北部地区地貌演化经历了4个主要的发育时期:Q₃³~Q₄¹湖泊地貌发育时期,Q₄¹风沙地貌发育时期,Q₄²湖(河)(屠申泽)地貌发育时期和Q₄³风沙地貌发育时期。全新世中期屠申泽最为繁盛的时期,湖泊相互沟通,范围几乎占据了整个乌兰布和沙漠北部地区,之后经历了自南向北的萎缩、分化过程,而屠申泽的萎缩、分化过程正是乌兰布和沙漠晚全新世风沙地貌发育并不断扩张的过程,这是一个以自然环境变化为主因、以人为影响为辅因的变化过程。     

古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物分布及其沙面稳定意义

Based on systematically monitoring plants on dune ridges in the southern part of the Gurbantunggut Desert in 2002, this paper, from the angle of dune stabilization by vegetation,describes the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of ephemeral plants on isolated sand dunes,analyses the natural invasion processes of ephemeral plants on human-disturbed sand surface and expounds the importance of ephemeral plants in stabilizing sand dune surface. A total of 45 plant species were identified in the study area, 29 of which are ephemeral plants. Ephemeral plants sprouted in early April and completed their life-circle within about two months. Just as aeolian sand activities came to the strongest stage from April to June in desert regions of northern Xinjiang, the total coverage of trees, shrubs and herbs of long vegetational period on most dune ridges was less than 10%, while the mean coverage of ephemeral plants reached 13.9% in April, 40.2% in May and 14.1% in June. Therefore ephemeral plants acted as the major contributor to dune surface stabilization in the Gurbantunggut Desert.Investigations of vegetation restoration on engineering-disturbed dune surface show that ephemeral plants first recolonized the disturbed dune surface.     

古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物分布 及其沙面稳定意义

从植被稳定沙面的角度出发,通过2002年对古尔班通古特沙漠南部沙垄表面植物种类、高度和盖度等的系统监测,阐明短命植物在单个沙丘上的时空分布规律。并对气象资料和人类活动扰动沙面后短命植物的自然侵入等进行综合分析,探讨沙面稳定中短命植物的重要作用。研究区总计有45种植物,其中短命植物29种。4月初短命植物萌动出土,在两个月左右的时间完成整个生长发育过程。4、5、6三个月正是北疆沙漠风沙活动强盛期,大部分沙垄表面乔灌木和长营养期草本植物盖度不足10%,而短命植物盖度则分别达到13.9%、40.2% 和14.1%,是古尔班通古特沙漠植被稳定沙面的主要贡献者。对工程行为扰动沙面后的植物恢复调查显示,短命植物是首先入侵的先锋植物。     

浑善达克沙地全新世中晚期地层化学元素特征及其气候变化

在系统考察浑善达克沙地的基础上,选择沙地北部锡林浩特全新世地层剖面样品进行全量化学元素分析和¹⁴C年代测定;并根据地球化学特征的变化,推论8kaBP以来的气候变化过程。结果表明,8kaBP以来区域气候具有干旱化的趋势,并经历了6个冷干暖湿变化旋回,气候变化可划分为4个阶段:8060~7100aBP,气候寒冷干旱;7100~5500aBP,气候温暖半湿润;5500~3500aBP,气候发生频繁的干湿波动;3500aBP特别是2200aBP以来气候以干旱为主。     

Goat trampling affects plant establishment,runoff and sediment yields over crusted dunes

Mainly attributed to goat and sheep trampling, the sand dunes at the Israeli and the Egyptian sides of the border present contrasting geomorphological conditions. In an attempt to assess the trampling effect upon vegetation, runoff and sediment yield, two pairs of plots and miniplots (each pair contains a trampled plot and a control) were constructed during 1991 and monitored during 1991–1995. In order to assess the impact on vegetation, three pairs of vegetation plots, subjected to light, medium and heavy trampling, were established during 1993 and monitored. In addition, the effect of the micro structures created by the goat hooves (mounds and depressions) were studied in three pairs of plots subjected to medium trampling during 1993 and monitored during 1993–1996. As far as trampling intensity is concerned, the findings indicate an increase in species diversity, density and biomass from the intact crusted surface to the plots subjected to light and medium trampling with a decrease thereafter at the plots subjected to heavy trampling. As for the micro scale, the findings indicate significantly higher plant biomass for the first 2 years at the hooves‐formed mini mounds and mini depressions in comparison to intact crusted surfaces, with no significant difference during the third year. Significantly lower runoff and sediment yields characterized the trampled plots implying a reduction in water redistribution. The data point to the differential effect that trampling has upon plants and soil. While increasing annual plant growth along the slope, it hinders runoff flow to the footslope, negatively affecting water availability for footslope vegetation. Recovery, as also supported by chlorophyll and microrelief measurements, was scale dependent (attributed to differential supply of aeolian sand) with estimated recovery for the plots and miniplots being 4–5 and 8–10 years, respectively. The data indicate that upon the cessation of grazing and under similar precipitation regime, recovery time of the biocrust in the Sinai sand dunes may be short, within 5–6 years. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

沙漠地区土壤质地对不同频点微波地表发射率反演和模拟的影响

首先运用先进微波扫描辐射仪(AMSR-E)资料反演了北非沙漠地区晴空条件下的地表微波发射率。然后根据不同的土壤类型,进一步分析了沙漠地表微波发射率频谱特性,并将增加土壤质地信息前、后的翁(Weng)氏微波地表发射率模型(2001)的模拟结果和反演结果进行了比较。结果表明,沙漠地表发射率与土壤质地密切相关,随土壤颗粒大小的不同变化明显。在沙漠土壤类型中,以大颗粒为主的土壤类型,其水平(垂直)极化的发射率通常随频率提高而增大(减小);而对于以较小粒子为主的沙漠土壤类型,地表发射率几乎为常数,或水平(垂直)极化的发射率随频率提高略有减小(增大)。并且,发射率的季节性特征明显,特别是以小颗粒组成的土壤,其水平极化的发射率比垂直极化的发射率表现出更强的季节性变化。以上这些发射率特征与翁氏模型模拟结果一致。此外,在翁氏模型的输入参数中增加土壤质地信息(土壤组分含量、粒径尺度)改善了翁氏模型在沙漠地区的模拟结果,特别是对于包含大量小粒子的沙漠土壤类型,如黏土和黏质壤土,模拟误差从6%9%降低至4%以下。由于翁氏模型是美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)全球同化和预报系统的重要组成部分,对翁氏模型的改进将提高沙漠地区卫星资料的利用率并有望改进数值天气预报的准确度。