沙被的定义、类型及其生态效应

文章提出了沙被的概念和定义,即:沙物质在地表积聚形成的覆被。阐述了依据沙被所处的气候区与植被区、沙被形态、颜色、有无植被、位于表层还是下层等特征的沙被分类方式。同时,指出了沙被的水平结构和从沙被边缘到中心其形态变化、植被变化的规律,研究和探讨了沙被的生态效应、与植被、风的关系和沙被的动态变化特点,以及沙被生态系统的保护修复与开发利用的原则。     

人工绿地与自然沙地蒸散的计算与变异研究

利用中国气象局塔克拉玛干沙漠气象野外科学试验基地2014—2015年自然沙地与人工绿地加密观测试验时次数据,采用GB/T 20481-2006气象干旱等级的蒸散算法,详细计算自然沙地、人工绿地以时次为单位的蒸散值。计算过程中采用多种参数算法,增加了观测数据的利用率,提高了计算精度,并尝试通过影响因子的变量赋值研究,量化蒸散的计算增减。结果表明:（1）自然沙地与人工绿地蒸散计算值都较好地刻画出了蒸散的年内变化,自然沙地计算值量级更贴近实际观测值,这与蒸散计算方法适用性有关。（2）人工绿地蒸散计算值在植被生长季与观测值的差值较大,自然沙地与观测值的差值较小;冷季人工绿地蒸散计算值与观测值接近,自然沙地计算值与观测值的差相对较大。（3）饱和水汽压与实际水汽压之差、2 m平均气温、2 m平均风速、饱和水汽压的斜率是计算蒸散的主要影响因子,其中饱和水汽压与实际水汽压之差和2 m平均风速随着赋值递增,蒸散差值时次百分比与年累计差值呈线性增长。2 m平均气温随着赋值递增,蒸散差值时次百分比与年累计差值表现比较稳定,饱和水汽压的斜率随着赋值递增,蒸散差值时次百分比与年累计差值略有递减。因此,GB/T 20481-2006气象干旱等级的蒸散算法在塔克拉玛干沙漠的适用性较好,人工绿地比自然沙地计算精度更高。      

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙尘气溶胶质量浓度垂直分布特征

 利用Grimm 1.108、Thermo RP 1 400 a以及TSP等仪器于2009年1月至2010年2月对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中不同高度沙尘气溶胶质量浓度进行连续观测,结合天气资料进行分析。结果表明:①80 m高度PM10质量浓度最高,80 m高度PM2.5和PM1.0质量浓度明显低于4 m高度PM10,80 m高度PM1.0质量浓度最低。频繁的沙尘天气是影响不同粒径的沙尘气溶胶浓度含量的主要因素。②夜间至日出,PM质量浓度逐渐降低,最低基本上出现在08:00,随后质量浓度逐渐增大,18:00前后浓度达到最高值,然后又逐步降低。其规律与风速的昼夜变化完全一致。③TSP月平均质量浓度高值主要集中在3—9月,其中4月和5月浓度最高,随后逐渐减低。3—9月也是PM月平均质量浓度的高值区域,4 m高度PM10月平均质量浓度最高发生在5月,其浓度为846.0 μg·m-3。80 m高度PM10浓度远高于PM2.5和PM1.0浓度,PM2.5和PM1.0浓度相差较小。风沙天气对大气中的不同粒径粒子的浓度含量影响较大,风沙天气越多,粗颗粒含量越高,反之则细颗粒越多。④沙尘天气过程中不同粒径沙尘气溶胶质量浓度变化具有晴天<浮尘天气<扬沙天气<沙尘暴天气的规律。各种沙尘天气中,PM10/TSP表现为晴好天气高于浮尘天气,浮尘天气远高于扬沙和沙尘暴天气。⑤沙尘天气过程中,沙尘气溶胶浓度随着粒径的减小,浓度逐渐降低。不同高度、不同粒径的沙尘气溶胶质量浓度每隔3~4 d形成一个峰值区,与每隔3~4 d出现沙尘天气强度增强过程直接相关。     

新月形沙丘表面100cm高度内风沙流输沙量垂直分布函数分段拟合

为研究新月形沙丘表面不同层位风沙流输沙量的垂直分布函数,实测了塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地典型新月形沙丘表面100 cm高度内(以1 cm分隔)的输沙量。分段拟合分析表明:新月形沙丘迎风坡脚输沙量垂直分布规律不完全服从指数函数,出现与戈壁风沙流结构特征相似的"象鼻效应",在0~3 cm区间内输沙量逐渐增大,3cm以上输沙量随高度呈指数函数衰减;沙丘顶部0~10 cm区间输沙量随高度呈指数函数衰减,10 cm以上呈二次函数衰减;沙丘左翼端输沙量随高度呈幂函数分布,沙丘右翼端0~20 cm内以指数函数衰减,20 cm以上呈三次函数衰减;沙丘背风坡脚风沙流输沙量在0~60 cm和60 cm以上分别呈不同形式的三次函数分布。     

Abrasion-derived sediments under intensified winds at the latest Pleistocene leading edge of the advancing Sinai-Negev erg

Quaternary desert loess and sandstone-loessite relationships in the geological record raise questions regarding causes and mechanisms of silt formation and accretion. In the northern Sinai-Negev desert carbonate terrain, only sand abrasion in active erg could have produced the large quantities of quartzo-feldspathic silts constituting the late Quaternary northwestern Negev loess. In the continuum of source (medium to fine sand of dunes) to sink (silts in loess) the very fine sand is unaccounted for in the record. This weakens the sand abrasion model of silt formation as a global process. Here, we demonstrate that, as predicted by experiments, abrasion by advancing dunes generated large quantities of very fine sand (60-110 μm) deposited within the dune field and in close proximity downwind. This very fine sand was generated 13-11 ka, possibly synchronous with the Younger Dryas under gusty sand/dust storms in the southeastern Mediterranean and specifically in the northern Sinai-Negev erg. These very fine sands were washed down slope and filled small basins blocked by the advancing dunes; outside these sampling basins it is difficult to identify these sands as a distinct product. We conclude that ergs are mega-grinders of sand into very fine sand and silt under windy Quaternary and ancient aeolian desert environments.     

腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰消期气候不稳定性记录

通过对红水河剖面元素地球化学和孢粉以及地层岩性的分析,在讨论了沉积地层连续性和记录完整性的基础上,重建了腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰消期的气候环境演变序列。结果表明,沉积物中Ca,Fe,Mg,K,Na和Mn等元素含量的变化以及结合其不同的孢粉组合,不仅与沉积环境紧密相关,而且可以很好地揭示该地区晚冰期以来气候环境变化的基本特征和历史,显示研究区在13.6～9.7cal.kaB.P.期间主要经历了以下几个阶段: 13.60～13.08cal.kaB.P.,12.75～12.20cal.kaB.P.和 11.60～10.45cal.kaB.P.期间气候较温暖湿润;  13.08～12.75cal.kaB.P.和10.45～9.70cal.kaB.P.期间气候相对冷干;  而在12.2～11.6cal.kaB.P.期间,则表现相对冷湿。自11.6cal.kaB.P.之后,研究区进入全新世暖期,元素Ca,Fe,Mg,K,Na及Mn的含量和孢粉A/C比值变化曲线均表明在全新世初期气候波动频繁,并在11.3cal.kaB.P.和10.5cal.kaB.P.左右出现较强的冷波动。通过与其他研究区地质记录对比,指出研究区腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰消期气候环境变化尽管存在一定的区域特点,但基本格局与全球气候变化一致。     

Runoff‐induced sediment yield over dune slopes in the Negev Desert. 1: Quantity and variability

Although extensive data exist on runoff erosion and rates for non‐sandy hillslopes, data for arid dune slopes are scarce, owing to the widespread perception that the high infiltrability of sand will reduce runoff. However, runoff is generated on sandy dunes in the Hallamish dune field, western Negev Desert, Israel (P ≈ 95 mm) due to the presence of a thin (usually 1–3 mm) microbiotic crust. The runoff in turn produces erosion. Sediment yield was measured on ten plots (140–1640 m²) on the north‐ and south‐facing slopes of longitudinal dunes. Two plots facing north and two facing south were subdivided into three subplots. The subplots represented the crest of the active dune devoid of crust, the extensively crusted footslope of the dune, and the midslope section characterized by a patchy crust. The remaining plots extended the full length of the dune slope. No runoff and consequently no water‐eroded sediments were obtained from the crest subplots devoid of crust. However, runoff and sediment were obtained from the mid‐ and footslope crusted subplots. Sediment yield from the footslope subplots was much higher than from the midslopes, despite the higher sediment concentration that characterized the midslope subplots. The mean annual sediment yield at the Hallamish dune field was 432 g per metre width and was associated with high average annual concentrations of 32 g l^?1. The data indicate that owing to the presence of a thin microbiotic crust, runoff and water erosion may occur even within arid sandy dune fields. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微量元素记录的化学风化和气候变化：以巴丹吉林沙漠查格勒布鲁剖面为例

查格勒布鲁剖面包含7种类型的沉积相，地层中微量元素的总质量分数大致按照“风成砂→湖相层→黄土→古土壤”的顺序递增。多数微量元素的质量分数在剖面中的演化趋势与沉积物的中值粒烃和硅酸系数的大小呈负相关。与洛川剖面的马兰黄土相比，查格勒布鲁剖面上更新统地层处于相对微弱的化学风化环境，表明，晚更新世期间，巴丹吉林沙漠一带的干湿变化取决于东亚夏季风的盛衰，西风气流带来的降水到达不了巴丹吉林沙漠附近地区。     

塔里木沙漠公路不同固沙体系的性能和成本比较

建立固沙体系是保障塔里木沙漠公路畅通的首要条件。通过比较塔里木沙漠公路不同沙体系的性能和成本后认为，尽管采用植物固沙的成本比采用机械固沙或化学固沙的成本高1－3倍，但植物固沙体系的固沙性能、防护年限要远优于机械固沙体系和化学固沙体系；在塔里木沙漠公路固沙工程中，机械固沙应作为一种临时性的、辅助性的固沙手段，植物固沙（栽植灌木固沙带）适于作为塔里木沙漠公路永久的固沙体系，化学固沙在塔里木沙漠公路的边坡固沙及零断面处固沙有较好的应用背景。     

Quitovac Oasis: A Sense of Home Place and the Development of Water Resources

Agricultural development at Quitovac, a Sonoran Desert oasis that is an ancestral home of the Tohono O’odham people, was first interpreted in the literature as a typical example of an indigenous community succumbing to the economic pressures of industrial society. However, a humanistic analysis of the cultural and historical context and the results of ethnographic fieldwork leads to a radically different interpretation of recent community actions. Community‐initiated institutional and economic changes can be understood as creative and resilient adaptations, and perhaps a resolution, to a complex social and religious challenge to the community's identity. Notwithstanding the economic failure of part of the development efforts, the overall effects are interpreted as strengthening the residents’ sense of their home place and ensuring the continuation of religious rites associated with this sacred place.