Growth rates,densities, and distribution of Lophelia pertusa on artificial structures in the Gulf of Mexico

Using industry inspection video and ROV imaging, we examined Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus 1758) on 10 artificial structures of known ages (9 to 100 years) in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Five different types deep-water energy installations with depths ranging from 320 to 995 m, and three shipwrecks with depths ranging from approximately 530 to 615 m, were examined. Density, depth ranges, and growth rates of L. pertusa colonies were calculated from video and image analysis. L. pertusa colonies were present on all structures examined. Minimum calculated growth rates for the largest colonies ranged from 0.32 to 3.23 cm/yr on the different structures. The shallowest depth at which L. pertusa was observed was 201 m and the deepest was 801 m, considerably expanding the known depth range of this species in the northern GoM. Colony density varied with structure type, age, and depth, with the highest density between 503 and 518 m on the single structure that spanned the entire depth range of occurrence of L. pertusa observed in this study. L. pertusa colonies growing on thinner and deeper installations appear to have higher colonization rates, i.e. to develop higher densities over a shorter time period, compared to those on shallower and more massive types of installations. However, on average, colonies have slower growth rates on these installations than colonies on more massive, shallower installations (compliant and solid installations). In general, the calculated minimum growth rates were higher on the installations than on the shipwrecks, which were substantially older. A continuum of colony sizes was documented on all installations, suggesting multiple settlement events. L. pertusa thickets were observed on the oldest anthropogenic structures, with most of the components of these structures covered by colonies of L. pertusa. Brown, orange, and mottled color-variants were documented for the first time in the GoM. All installations examined for this study were colonized by L. pertusa and it is likely that most artificial surfaces in appropriate depths in the GoM will be as well.     

Indoor and outdoor depth imaging of leaves with time-of-flight and stereo vision sensors: Analysis and comparison

In this article we analyze the response of Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras (active sensors) for close range imaging under three different illumination conditions and compare the results with stereo vision (passive) sensors. ToF cameras are sensitive to ambient light and have low resolution but deliver high frame rate accurate depth data under suitable conditions. We introduce metrics for performance evaluation over a small region of interest. Based on these metrics, we analyze and compare depth imaging of leaf under indoor (room) and outdoor (shadow and sunlight) conditions by varying exposure times of the sensors. Performance of three different ToF cameras (PMD CamBoard, PMD CamCube and SwissRanger SR4000) is compared against selected stereo-correspondence algorithms (local correlation and graph cuts). PMD CamCube has better cancelation of sunlight, followed by CamBoard, while SwissRanger SR4000 performs poorly under sunlight. Stereo vision is comparatively more robust to ambient illumination and provides high resolution depth data but is constrained by texture of the object along with computational efficiency. Graph cut based stereo correspondence algorithm can better retrieve the shape of the leaves but is computationally much more expensive as compared to local correlation. Finally, we propose a method to increase the dynamic range of ToF cameras for a scene involving both shadow and sunlight exposures at the same time by taking advantage of camera flags (PMD) or confidence matrix (SwissRanger).     

局部动态最优Voronoi图的NNI算法及其在格网数字水深模型中的应用

在分析传统自然邻点插值(NNI)算法局限性的基础上,依据Voronoi单胞和Delaunay三角形的几何特性,提出基于局部动态最优Voronoi图的NNI算法。阐述该算法的基本原理和实现步骤,并在VC++环境下结合多波束测深数据对其在格网数字水深模型(Grid-DDM)中的应用进行了验证。试验表明该算法具有执行效率高、插值精度不丢失等优点。     

基于Extrapolation Tikhonov正则化算法的重力数据三维约束反演

通过研究重力数据三维反演解的病态性,利用基于拉格朗日插值方法的Extrapolation Tikhonov正则化方法来解决反演中解的不唯一性和不稳定性问题,该方法最大限度的减少了因正则化参数的引入而在反演结果中介入的误差,同时详细讨论了基于三种选择原则的正则化双参数的具体选择方法,模型试算结果表明,与原Tikhonov方法相比,该方法提高了反演的拟合精度.其次,为了消除核函数随深度增加而快速衰减对反演结果的影响,本文改进了前人的重力数据三维反演深度加权函数,改进后的加权函数与原函数相比能更好的识别异常体底部密度分布特征,对于埋深较深的异常体具有较好的识别效果,更好的解决了由近地面趋肤效应作用引起的密度分布不均的问题.同时,利用上下限约束函数限制每一个立方体的密度差范围,并应用于多组人工合成模型.结果表明:该反演方法能准确地获得正演模型的预设参数范围和位置.     

利用局部谐和基小波束的高精度叠前深度域偏移成像方法研究

小波束域利用局部余弦基(local cosine bases)的偏移成像方法具有很高的计算效率和成像质量.然而局部余弦基小波束通常沿垂直方向具有两个对称波瓣.由于缺乏单一定义的方向性,在某些强变速介质中利用局部余弦基的波传播方法会产生一定的误差,同时也使得一些在局部角度域的操作变得非常不便.于是我们提出了利用局部谐和基进行波场外推的方法.局部谐和基(local harmonic base)是由局部余弦基和局部正弦基线性组合而成,具有单一定义的方向性,同时具备快速算法.局部谐和基与Gabor-Daubechies标架类似,都具有单一定义的方向性,但比Gabor-Daubechies标架效率更高.局部谐和基保持了与局部余弦基的偏移成像方法相同的计算效率,但在成像精度上有了显著的提高.通过二维SEG/EAGE模型和BP模型的叠前深度域偏移成像说明了该方法的有效性.     

位场数据解释的Theta-Depth法

Theta图是利用位场(重磁)数据识别边界的常用方法,其表达式为重磁异常水平变化与垂直变化的比值函数.该方法计算浅源地质体边界的效果较好,而由于深源位场数据在换算过程中会产生趋同效应,在深源地质体识别应用中计算结果不准确,为此,本文提出Theta-Depth法并进行地质体埋深的计算.首先给出直接利用Theta图像进行场源体深度估算的方法,然后推导出基于Theta导数的线性方程来自动估算场源位置参数,本文方法可有效地利用Theta图像的特征为约束条件来提高反演结果的精度.理论模型试验证明本文提出的Theta-Depth法能有效地计算出场源体位置和深度.将该方法应用于满都拉地区实测磁数据的解释,帮助圈定了矿脉的分布.     

滚动球变换的数字水深模型多尺度表达

 空间数据的多尺度表达,是GIS领域研究的重点和难点问题之一。本文以数字水深模型(Digital Depth Model, DDM)为研究对象,从DDM的地理和尺度特性出发,在分析二维滚动圆变换算法原理的基础上,通过对二维滚动圆变换算法的维数扩展,提出一种可用于DDM多尺度表达的滚动球变换算法。即利用不同大小的三维空间球体代替二维滚动圆沿给定DDM的上侧表面滚动,得到可保留正向地貌,缩小或填平小于一定尺度下的海底负向地貌的DDM,从保障舰船海上航行安全的角度,实现对DDM的多尺度表达。另阐述了该算法的基本原理和实现步骤,并在VC++环境下对算法的正确性和有效性进行了验证。实验结果表明,该算法在符合DDM多尺度表达原则的前提下,能较好地保持DDM的基本地形特征,且具有较高的计算效率。     

The April 24, 2013 Changning M_s4.8 earthquake: a felt earthquake that occurred in Paleozoic sediment

The dense broadband seismic network provides more high-quality waveform that is helpful to improve constraint focal depth of shallow earthquake. Many shallow earthquakes occurring in sediment were regarded as induced events. In Sichuan basin, gas industry and salt mining are dependent on fluid injection technique that triggers microseismicity. We adopted waveform inversion method with regional records to obtain focal mechanism of an Ms 4.8 earthquake at Changning. The result suggested that the Changning earthquake occurred at a ESE thrust fault, and its focal depth was about 3 km. The depth phases including teleseismic pP phase and regional sPL phase shows that the focal depth is about 2 km. The strong, shortperiod surface wave suggests that this event is a very shallow earthquake. The amplitude ratio between Rayleigh wave and direct S wave was also used to estimate the source depth of the mainshock. The focal depth(2–4 km) is far less than the depth of the sedimentary layer thickness(6–8 km) in epicentral region. It is close to the depth of fluid injection of salt mining, which may imply that this event was triggered by the industrial activity.     

石河子北开发区土层剪切波速与土层深度经验关系

收集了石河子市北开发区已有的土层钻孔资料及有关报告.对所有的剪切波速资料进行了整理.在前人研究和数据整理、分析的基础上,分别采用线性模型、幂函数模型和一元二次多项式模型,对石河子市北开发区的土层剪切波速与土层深度关系进行了拟合.以拟合优度为评价指标给出了粉土、粉质粘土、粉砂、细砂、砾砂和圆砾的推荐模型参数.最后对结果的合理性、适用性进行了评价.     

基于CE318观测的广州市气溶胶光学特性

基于CE318太阳分光光度计观测数据,反演了广州市2011年全年的气溶胶光学厚度、浑浊度和波长指数,并对广州市气溶胶光学特性的全年总体特征、季节性特征、日变化等进行了分析。结果表明：1）2011年广州市气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）全年均值为0.53,处于较高水平。其中,春季AOD最大,均值为0.81秋冬季其次,均值为0.5左右;夏季最小,均值为0.43。浑浊度与光学厚度具有相似的特点。2）从频率分布上看,波长指数α＞1.2所占比例接近90%,在1.4~1.6之间的所占比例＞50%,说明广州市的气溶胶主控粒子为小粒径的烟雾粒子。3）广州市秋冬季节的波长指数α较大,分别为1.46和1.50;春季α为1.27,夏季α为1.13。春夏季节粗粒子有较大程度地增多。总体上看,广州市区气溶胶类型接近于城市-工业性气溶胶与海洋性气溶胶的混合类型。4）广州市AOD的日变化与人类活动较为一致,上午持续上升,中午T 13:00左右到达一个小高峰,随后趋于稳定,T 17:00左右开始缓慢上升。波长指数α与AOD无明显关系。