This study investigated the spatial variability of a common faecal indicator organism, Escherichia coli, in an urban salt-wedge estuary in Melbourne, Australia. Data were collected through comprehensive depth profiling in the water column at four sites and included measurements of temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and E. coli concentrations. Vertical variability of E. coli was closely related to the salt-wedge dynamics; in the presence of a salt-wedge, there was a significant decrease in E. coli concentrations with depth. Transverse variability was low and was most likely dwarfed by the analytical uncertainties of E. coli measurements. Longitudinal variability was also low, potentially reflecting minimal die-off, settling, and additional inputs entering along the estuary. These results were supported by a simple mixing model that predicted E. coli concentrations based on salinity measurements. Additionally, an assessment of a sentinel monitoring station suggested routine monitoring locations may produce conservative estimates of E. coli concentrations in stratified estuaries. 相似文献
A submerged body that moves near a free surface needs to keep its attitude and position to accomplish its missions, which are required to validate the performance of a designed controller before sea trial. Hydrodynamic maneuvering coefficients are generally obtained by experiments or computational fluid dynamics, but these coefficients suffer from uncertainty. Environmental loads such as wave excitation, current, and suction forces act on the submerged body when it moves near the free surface. Therefore, a controller for the submerged body should be robust to parameter uncertainty and environmental loads. In this paper, six-degree-of-freedom equations of motion for the submerged body are constructed. An adaptive control method based on the neural network and proportional–integral–derivative controller is used for the depth controller. Simulations are performed under various depth and environmental conditions, and the results show the effectiveness of the designed controller. 相似文献