SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES IN THE BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER BED

1 INTRODUCTION Originating in the Kanglung Kang Glacier near Konggya Tso Lake (Lat. 30°30' N - long. 82°10'E) at an altitude of 4,877 m and 63 km southeast of the Manasarowar Lake in the Kailash Range of the Great Himalayas, the Brahmaputra River flows …     

Image enhancement by multi‐parameter characterization of common image gathers

We present an innovative approach for seismic image enhancement using multi‐parameter angle‐domain characterization of common image gathers. A special subsurface angle‐domain imaging system is used to generate the multi‐parameter common image gathers in a summation‐free image space. The imaged data associated with each common image gathers depth point contain direction‐dependent opening‐angle image contributions from all the available incident and scattered wave‐pairs at this point. Each direction‐dependent opening‐angle data can be differently weighted according to its coherency measure. Once the optimal migration velocity is used, it is assumed that in the actual specular direction, the coherency measure (semblance) along reflection events, from all available opening angles and opening azimuths, is larger than that along non‐specular directions. The computed direction‐dependent semblance attribute is designed to operate as an imaging filter which enhances specular migration contributions and suppresses all others in the final migration image. The ability to analyse the structural properties of the image points by the multi‐parameter common image gather allows us to better handle cases of complicated wave propagation and to improve the image quality at poorly illuminated regions or near complex structures. The proposed method and some of its practical benefits are demonstrated through detailed analysis of synthetic and real data examples.     

深度震相sSmS特征及其在震源深度确定中的应用

通过一系列理论地震图模拟,研究了莫霍面超临界反射深度震相sSmS的特征,分析了影响该震相的各种因素。结果表明,SmS和sSmS属于高频波,一般情况下在高频段(1Hz左右)可被清晰地观测到;而在更长周期的地震图上,SmS和sSmS的强度比S波或者S多次波弱,不易辨认;地壳结构复杂地区且震源深度较浅时,sSmS震相也不容易被观测到。本文以2011年6月20日腾冲MS5.2地震为研究实例,利用sSmS深度震相确定其震源深度为6km,与其它方法所得结果一致。在利用深度震相测定震源深度的研究中,sSmS震相可以作为震源深度精确测定的手段之一。     

城区与郊区土体湿度监测与对比分析——以南京市为例

由城市化进程改变的城市空间热环境对城区土体湿度产生了重要影响。为了了解城区与郊区土体湿度的差异,以南京市为例,分别在城区、郊区建立了土体湿度监测站,分析2009年6月1日至2010年6月7日南京城区、郊区地下1 m范围内裸土、草地及混凝土覆盖环境下土体湿度的时空演化特征。研究结果表明,南京城区土体湿度总体上小于郊区,存在显著的城市土体"干岛效应",年平均干岛强度为-7.4%。在时间尺度上,1月的干岛强度最小,为-2.1%;7月最大,达到-20.5%。在空间尺度上,郊区土体湿度随深度增加而增大,城区土体则无明显规律。在不同地面覆盖环境下,城区、郊区土体湿度变化规律不同:城区裸土环境下土体湿度日变化明显,而草地及混凝土下的土体湿度日变化相对较小,3种地面覆盖环境的年均土体湿度变化规律为草地(19.0%)<混凝土(26.4%)<裸土(29.5%);郊区3种地面覆盖环境下土体湿度日变化区间及变化频率均比城区大,且年均土体湿度为混凝土(27.4%)<草地(34.7%)<裸土(36.2%)。最后,分析了造成城区、郊区土体湿度差异的原因。     

基于GPU的锥束CT体数据等值面重构和显示的改进

本文提出一种采用可编程显卡的计算能力来加速锥束CT体数据等值面重构的方法,并进行多方面的改进,有效地提高移动立方体(Marching Cubes)算法的性能。最后在表面绘制中引入深度剥离技术实现顺序无关透明度显示,对帮助理解锥束CT体数据和缺陷检测起到很好的效果     

τ-p深度偏移

本文介绍一种基于τ-P变换的新的叠后深度偏移方法。这一方法是在均匀介质条件下根据波动方程推导出的。其基本思想是:在τ-p域中,当波场分解为它的平面波成分时,改变其τ、p值,再通过τ-p反变换回到深度域中,从而完成了地下界面的偏移归位。 方法所需的计算时间基本是与完成τ-p正、反变换所需时间相同,是一种快速的偏移方法。它可用于任意形状的地下界面,甚至在强干扰背景的条件下,也能提高资料的信噪比和改善信号的连续性。这一方法是在深度域中进行τ-p变换,故它能适应速度存在纵、横变化的地区。为了论证本方法的效果,本文给出了不同的正演理论模型和偏移结果的例子。     

沉积盆地中地震波速度与地层年代的关系

地层年代确定是地质学研究领域的重要课题,地质类定年方法具有各种不利因素.本文选择地球物理方法确定地层年代,以中国大陆沉积盆地为研究区,通过对盆地中实测速度、深度和年代三者间关系的深入研究,应用统计、拟合和扫描的方法,建立了中国大陆沉积盆地中速度、深度和年代之间的定量关系,此关系式为测定年代提供了一种新的方法.利用此关系式计算了沉积盆地基底的年代范围,并与同位素实测的年龄作了比较,表明该方法可以粗略确定稳定基底年代.计算基底年龄和实测数据之间存在误差,其原因主要是本文把中国大陆沉积盆地看作一个构造单元所致.     

基于波动方程的叠前地震反演

随着地震勘探和开发的不断深入,面向地质目标的精细储层预测技术变得越来越重要.由于透射损失、层间多次波、波模式转换以及随机噪声等的影响,观测地震数据和待反演的地下介质属性之间呈现出很强的非线性.考虑到这些非线性,本文基于积分波动方程开展叠前地震反演,从观测地震数据中恢复出介质属性和整体波场,其中反演参数是波动方程中的压缩系数、剪切柔度和密度的对比度,相比于常规线性AVO反演的波阻抗弹性参数,它们对流体指示有更强的敏感性.在反演过程中,从平滑的低频背景场出发,交替迭代求解数据方程和目标方程.采用乘性正则化方法于共轭梯度框架下求解反演参数,采用优化的散射级数Neumann序列获得整体波场,这种方法不易陷入局部极值,能收敛到正确解.测井资料和典型山前带模型测试表明,利用上述反演方法能获得高分辨率的深度域地下介质属性,可直接进行储层预测和解释.

     

Remote sensing of breaking wave phase speeds with application to non-linear depth inversions

A number of existing models for surface wave phase speeds (linear and non-linear, breaking and non-breaking waves) are reviewed and tested against phase speed data from a large-scale laboratory experiment. The results of these tests are utilized in the context of assessing the potential improvement gained by incorporating wave non-linearity in phase speed based depth inversions. The analysis is focused on the surf zone, where depth inversion accuracies are known to degrade significantly. The collected data includes very high-resolution remote sensing video and surface elevation records from fixed, in-situ wave gages. Wave phase speeds are extracted from the remote sensing data using a feature tracking technique, and local wave amplitudes are determined from the wave gage records and used for comparisons to non-linear phase speed models and for non-linear depth inversions. A series of five different regular wave conditions with a range of non-linearity and dispersion characteristics are analyzed and results show that a composite dispersion relation, which includes both non-linearity and dispersion effects, best matches the observed phase speeds across the domain and hence, improves surf zone depth estimation via depth inversions. Incorporating non-linearity into the phase speed model reduces errors to O(10%), which is a level previously found for depth inversions with small amplitude waves in intermediate water depths using linear dispersion. Considering the controlled conditions and extensive ground truth, this appears to be a practical limit for phase speed-based depth inversions. Finally, a phase speed sensitivity analysis is performed that indicates that typical nearshore sand bars should be resolvable using phase speed depth inversions. However, increasing wave steepness degrades the sensitivity of this inversion method.     

Spatial variability of E. coli in an urban salt-wedge estuary

This study investigated the spatial variability of a common faecal indicator organism, Escherichia coli, in an urban salt-wedge estuary in Melbourne, Australia. Data were collected through comprehensive depth profiling in the water column at four sites and included measurements of temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and E. coli concentrations. Vertical variability of E. coli was closely related to the salt-wedge dynamics; in the presence of a salt-wedge, there was a significant decrease in E. coli concentrations with depth. Transverse variability was low and was most likely dwarfed by the analytical uncertainties of E. coli measurements. Longitudinal variability was also low, potentially reflecting minimal die-off, settling, and additional inputs entering along the estuary. These results were supported by a simple mixing model that predicted E. coli concentrations based on salinity measurements. Additionally, an assessment of a sentinel monitoring station suggested routine monitoring locations may produce conservative estimates of E. coli concentrations in stratified estuaries.