基于MODIS数据的新疆大气气溶胶光学厚度时空变化分析

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪（Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS）大气气溶胶光学厚度产品数据,采用三角剖分算法、最近邻点搜索、插值法和趋势分析法,分析新疆气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD）时空变化。结果表明：（1）新疆AOD总体呈下降趋势且地域差异明显,南疆AOD明显高于北疆,高值区主要集中在塔里木盆地边缘和天山北坡经济带。（2）北疆AOD年际变化不明显。2014年最高,2005年最低,年均值在0.15～0.18。南疆则呈明显的年际变化。最高值出现在2006年,为0.42;最低值出现在2017年,为0.22。（3）新疆AOD呈明显季节变化特征。春季最大,秋季最小。（4）2003—2019年南疆环塔里木盆地北部、东南边缘和北疆沿天山北坡经济带AOD增量明显。     

Vertical gradational variability of fines deposited in a gravel framework

Vertical gradational structures develop as sand infiltrates into static gravel beds. Understanding the vertical distribution of interstitial sand deposits will improve predictions of ecological suitability and hyporheic hydrodynamics. A series of flume experiments was performed to investigate fine infiltration processes. Four sand distributions were introduced into flows over gravel beds. After each experiment, bed cores were extracted and analysed in vertical layers to examine the gradational trends with depth. Vertical trends of fine content were highly sensitive to the relative grain‐size distributions of the gravel bed and the introduced sand. For experiments with d_15gravel/d_85sand ratios 15·4 and larger unimpeded static percolation was observed, where sand filled the voids relatively uniformly from the bottom of the gravel layer to the top. Experiments with ratios 10·6 and smaller bridged. Sand clogged a thin layer of gravel pores near the bed surface, precluding subsequent infiltration. Interstitial sand deposits fined with depth of penetration for all experiments which was the result of three distinct but overlapping processes. (i) Granular sorting: As particles fell through the substrate, smaller material preferentially passed through the voids deeper into the gravel. (ii) Bed‐load sorting: Size segregation occurs in the wake of the leading bed form as smaller particles saltate further and settle first. (iii) Hydraulic sorting: Smaller sand was transported preferentially as suspended load filling the deep voids of the furthest flume positions downstream. Finally, when the experiments that formed a bridge layer were replicated with higher bed shear stresses, less interstitial sand deposition was observed. Higher shear stresses transported coarse particles downstream more efficiently causing bridge layers to form earlier and allowing less time for suspended load to settle into the deeper substrate pores before the pathways were closed.     

Bathymetric trend of Late Cretaceous southern Tethys upwelling regime based on benthic foraminifera

Benthic foraminifera are one of the most commonly used indicators to infer paleodepth. The information on depth distribution of fossil benthic foraminifera is generally obtained from normal marine environments. However, a significant gap exists with respect to implications of benthic foraminiferal distributions in unique sedimentary successions, such as those deposited under upwelling regimes. In such settings, the paleobathymetric signal is somewhat obscured by the extreme food fluxes and oxygen depletion at the seafloor that cause changes in benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition. Nevertheless, the dynamics of upwelling systems, and as a result the sediment and organic matter accumulation, are known to be directly influenced by eustatic changes, making paleobathymetric reconstruction highly valuable for understanding these systems.The Upper Cretaceous high productivity marine succession of southern Israel, with its variable lithologies, provides a unique opportunity for addressing this issue. Through this succession, a significant turnover in the benthic foraminiferal assemblages is observed associated with a sharp change in lithology from phosphate (Phosphate Member) to organic rich carbonates (Oil Shale Member; OSM). Statistical nMDS analysis distinguished four groups of species indicative of distinct depth habitats: <200 m, 100–300 m, 300–500 m, and >500 m. Each one of these groups corresponds to different parts of the sequence. According to our analysis, the shift in the benthic foraminiferal assemblages is attributed to a distinct regional deepening from shelf environment (<200 m) in the Phosphate Member (upper Campanian) to upper bathyal (200–500 m) at the base of OSM (base Maastrichtian), and deeper to middle bathyal (>500 m) during the Maastrichtian. While taking into account other factors affecting benthic foraminiferal distribution, this study demonstrates that depth distribution models based on normal marine settings might also be applicable as proxies for paleobathymetry in high productivity environments.     

确定地下管线深度的方法原理研究

从理论上阐述了利用倾斜磁场最大值点、利用垂直磁场分量峰值点和利用水平磁场分量半极值点确定地下管线深度的原理方法,指出了利用倾斜磁场最大值点确定管线深度时在原理上存在的问题和不实用性,同时从原理上和实用中筛选出了最佳的定深方法-水平磁场分量三角法.     

基于MODIS的青藏高原湖泊透明度遥感反演

湖泊透明度是湖泊水体性质的一个重要参数,是湖泊浮游生物和进入湖泊的有机和无机颗粒溶解程度的综合反映,对湖泊生态环境研究具有重要的科学及实践意义。遥感影像是获取面积广、时间长的湖泊透明度的重要手段,但由于实测数据缺乏,目前对青藏高原地区湖泊透明度的遥感反演研究相对不足。本文基于青藏高原地区24个湖泊实测透明度SD(Secchi Depth)值和相应的MODIS遥感影像,建立了该地区湖泊水体透明度SD值MODIS遥感反演模型。结果表明：基于MODIS绿色波段B4的单波段幂函数模型在该地区反演效果最好,精度较高(R2=0.91, N=24),并具有较好的稳定性。以当惹雍错为例,选用该模型反演得到湖泊透明度的时间变化序列,发现该湖存在明显的季节波动和较为明显的年际变化。初步分析得出,降水/融水季节的湖泊透明度与湖泊所在流域的降水率具有密切的关系。本文结果表明,利用遥感手段能够有效地开展青藏高原地区湖泊透明度的反演,可为进一步深入研究该地区湖泊透明度及其影响要素奠定基础。     

波动方程有限差分法叠前深度偏移

从地震叠前反射椭圆方程出发,本文导出了基于波动理论的共偏移距地震剖面叠前偏移方程,然后对此方程进行参考速度场中的浮动坐标变换,获得了叠前深度偏移方程．为了解决叠前衍射方程中含有对深度的二阶导数引起波场延拓成像的不适定问题,文中采用低阶偏微分方程组近似描述全上行波的办法,得到了衍射方程的高阶近似方程,并给出了计算衍射方程和折射方程稳定的差分格式,最后用此方法编制的程序对某一碳酸岩地区的地震资料进行了试处理,效果良好．     

Existence of a deep subtidal stock of drifting Ulva in relation to intertidal algal mat developments

Blooms of drifting green algae often develop in shallow coastal zones that receive significant nutrient inputs. Each spring and summer, some fifty bays and coves in Brittany (France) are affected in this way. Until now, in this region, only the algae present in the surf zone or stranded ashore, constituting an intertidal stock, have been taken into account. Another stock of algae, which was subtidal and of the same species (Ulva spp.), was found in the Bay of Douarnenez, one of the ten areas most affected by these algal blooms. This subtidal Ulva stock was located beyond the surf zone, at depths reaching 15 m. It was about the same size as the intertidal stock, viz., a few thousand tons on average. Subtidal Ulva stocks were generally found lying on the sandy bottom in a distribution showing no particular pattern. Biomass ranged from almost zero to 1.547 kg m⁻² of fresh and spun-dried algae. However, at depths from 3 to 7 m they were often arranged in strips a few dm wide, due to the swell's effect. The bottom conditions of temperature, salinity, irradiance and dissolved inorganic nitrogen measured during spring and summer are suitable for the growth of Ulva in the subtidal zone. Both intertidal and subtidal drifting Ulva stocks are mobile and capable of exchanging material. In spring, the intertidal stock's inoculum is likely to come from the subtidal. Later in the season, the subtidal stock could be supplied, at least partially, by the intertidal.     

海南岛气溶胶时空变化及来源追溯

海南岛独特的区域和国家战略位置,使得了解和掌握该地区气溶胶时空格局特征及其大气污染物传输来源是海南大气环境质量监测和污染防治中重要的关注问题。选取MODIS 3 km分辨率气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品MOD04_3K,对海南岛2003—2017年AOD时空变化特征进行分析;以海口市为起始点,采用HYSPLIT模式对8次典型大气污染事件在10、500、1000 m 3个相对地面高度上进行48 h后向轨迹计算,以探究该区域大气污染物来源。结果表明：① 海南岛AOD在空间上呈较为明显的三级阶梯状分布,从西北方向向东南递减,2003—2017年在不同阶梯的空间变化趋势差异十分显著;② 2003—2017年海南岛AOD年均值为0.095,各年均值整体呈轻微升高趋势;季节均值差异表现为“春季>秋季>冬季>夏季”,此差异除受区域天气系统与地方风向特征的影响外,本区旅游业发展造成的大气污染物排放也不可忽视;③ 海南岛（海口市）2013—2017年典型大气污染事件发生期间大气污染气流在3个高度上（10、500、1000 m）的后向轨迹基本保持一致,均主要来自于海南岛东北方向。据此,位于该方向毗邻的珠江三角洲地区陆源大气污染物在东北盛行风的影响下被输送至海南岛,在区域天气系统（如大陆冷高压）和局部天气系统（如海风辐合）共同作用下,是促成该地区大气污染事件发生的重要因素。研究结果对深入理解海南岛近十多年来大气环境状况的变化规律、完善该区域大气污染联防联控机制具有重要的意义。     

青藏高原东北缘深地震测深研究成果回顾

本文回顾了在青藏高原东北缘(32°-40°N,100°-108°E)地区深地震测深研究的主要成果,给出了这一地区地壳中地震波速度结构的特征和莫霍面的形态。     

The relationship between regional stress field,fracture orientation and depth of weathering and implications for groundwater prospecting in crystalline rocks

In a uniform granite gneiss study area in central Zimbabwe, lineaments oriented parallel to the maximum regional compressive stress orientation exhibit the thickest regolith development, while lineaments oriented perpendicular to the maximum compressive stress show the shallowest development of weathered regolith. The principal fracture set orientations were mapped using aerial imagery. The regional stress field, estimated from global stress maps, was used to determine the stresses acting on each principal lineament orientation. Multi-electrode resistivity profiling was carried out across fractures with different orientations to determine their subsurface regolith conditions. The results indicate that the 360 and 060° lineaments, which are sub-parallel to the principal compressive stress orientation (σ₁) exhibit maximum development of the regolith, while 130° lineaments perpendicular to σ₁ do not exhibit significant regolith development. Since regolith thickness has been positively correlated with groundwater resources, it is suggested that fractures with orientations sub-parallel to the principal compressive stress direction constitute favourable groundwater targets. Knowledge of the regional stress field and fracture set orientations can be used as an effective low cost tool for locating potentially higher yielding boreholes in crystalline rock terrains.