边坡工程加固需求度评价及其应用

稳定程度不足的边坡通常都需要进行加固。但在加固系统设计时工程师们必须搞清边坡的哪些部位应进行重点加固 ,哪些部位只需要一般加固 ,甚至不需要加固 ,以便合理地布置加固措施。在工程地质力学综合集成方法论 (EGMS)的基础上 ,作者提出了边坡工程加固需求度 (DRD)的概念及其应用方法。     

Characterization of fish hold effluent discharged from commercial fishing vessels into harbor waters

Fish hold effluent and the effluent produced from the cleaning of fish holds may contain organic material resulting from the degradation of seafood and cleaning products (e.g., soaps and detergents). This effluent is often discharged by vessels into near shore waters and, therefore, could have the potential to contribute to water pollution in bays and estuaries. We characterized effluent from commercial fishing vessels with holds containing refrigerated seawater, ice slurry, or chipped ice. Concentrations of trace heavy metals, wet chemistry parameters, and nutrients in effluent were compared to screening benchmarks to determine if there is a reasonable potential for effluent discharge to contribute to nonattainment of water quality standards. Most analytes (67%) exceeded their benchmark concentration and, therefore, may have the potential to pose risk to human health or the environment if discharges are in significant quantities or there are many vessels discharging in the same areas.     

我国稀土资源需求结构分析

战略性新兴产业的迅速发展,无论对中国还是对世界经济都具有全局带动和重大引领作用,而稀土当之无愧地成为战略性新兴产业的重要支柱性矿产之一。随着中国稀土产业的不断发展壮大以及政策宏观调控的作用,加之终端消费产业的需求拉动稀土消费,我国的稀土需求一直呈增长态势,而新兴领域的应用的不断开拓,使稀土资源需求结构也发生的很大变化,本文通过分析近年来稀土资源需求变化,为下一步稀土资源管理提出相关政策建议。     

Income,consumer preferences,and the future of livestock-derived food demand

In recent decades there has been a sustained and substantial shift in human diets across the globe towards including more livestock-derived foods. Continuing debates scrutinize how these dietary shifts affect human health, the natural environment, and livelihoods. However, amidst these debates there remain unanswered questions about how demand for livestock-derived foods may evolve over the upcoming decades for a range of scenarios for key drivers of change including human population, income, and consumer preferences. Future trends in human population and income in our scenarios were sourced from three of the shared socioeconomic pathways. We used scenario-based modeling to show that average protein demand for red meat (beef, sheep, goats, and pork), poultry, dairy milk, and eggs across the globe would increase by 14% per person and 38% in total between the year 2020 and the year 2050 if trends in income and population continue along a mid-range trajectory. The fastest per person rates of increase were 49% in South Asia and 55% in sub-Saharan Africa. We show that per person demand for red meat in high-income countries would decline by 2.8% if income elasticities of demand (a partial proxy for consumer preferences, based on the responsiveness of demand to income changes) in high-income countries decline by 100% by 2050 under a mid-range trajectory for per person income growth, compared to their current trajectory. Prices are an important driver of demand, and our results demonstrate that the result of a decline in red meat demand in high-income countries is strongly related to rising red meat prices, as projected by our scenario-based modeling. If the decline in the income elasticity of demand occurred in all countries rather than only in high-income countries, then per person red meat demand in high-income countries would actually increase in 2050 by 8.9% because the income elasticity-driven decline in global demand reduces prices, and the effect of lower prices outweighs the effect of a decline in the income elasticity of demand. Our results demonstrate the importance of interactions between income, prices, and the income elasticity of demand in projecting future demand for livestock-derived foods. We complement the existing literature on food systems and global change by providing quantitative evidence about the possible space for the future demand of livestock-derived foods, which has important implications for human health and the natural environment.     

浙江省海洋环境监测与评价需求调查研究

为充分认识海洋环境监测与评价需求,提高海洋生态环境监测能力,突破传统的监测方式和评价模式,更好地为社会公众服务。2014年,面向浙江沿海进行了海洋环境监测与评价需求调查,分析了海洋环境监测、海洋环境评价、海洋环境监管、海洋监测机构发展模式的认识和需求情况等,给出了提升海洋环境监测与评价的建议。     

具产电性能光合细菌DH-3的分离及其对多种底物污水处理能力的评价

本文通过传统微生物分离培养方法从富营养化环境中分离培养出可高效处理多种底物的污水并具备胞外电子传递能力和产电潜力的兼性厌氧光合细菌。在光照培养条件下,利用改良的能够将光合细菌富集/分离的培养基分离培养光合细菌,从形态学和16S rDNA的分子生物学角度鉴定菌株。运用多个指标检测光合细菌处理不同底物的污水培养基的能力,如化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand,COD）、总氮（total nitrogen,TN）、总磷（total phosphate,TP）,并在电化学工作站检测光合细菌的产电能力。结果表明,获取的光合细菌菌株DH-3与光合细菌类球红细菌（Rhodobacter sphaeroides）有97%的相似性。该菌株拥有在多种底物的污水培养基中生长的能力,其中在以乙酸为底物的培养基中生长最好。通过检测发现该菌株对污水的COD、TN和TP均具有较高的去除率。电化学工作站检测结果表明,菌株DH-3的最大产电流量能达到7.5mA/m²,最大功率密度达到0.056W/m²。由此可见,光合细菌DH-3在污水处理及资源再循环利用等方面具有十分重要的应用潜力。     

Estimation of hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in marine environments: A critical review of the Q10 approach

Offshore oil & gas industry is moving exploration and production activities into Arctic and deep water regions. Governmental regulations require environmental impact assessments before operations to evaluate the possible effects of accidental oil releases. These are often performed by numerical fate models, like the Oil Spill Contingency and Response (OSCAR) model, which has become an industry standard in Norway. In this model, biodegradation rates are adjusted to local conditions by temperature compensation according to a Q₁₀ approach. Q₁₀ is the multiplier by which rates of enzymatic reactions increase at a 10 °C temperature rise. Herein, this Q₁₀ approach implemented in the OSCAR model is investigated based on published data and novel obtained results. Overall, biodegradation rate predictions calculated by temperature compensation are found to be questionable, and choosing one universal Q₁₀ value is considered not feasible. The high variation in Q₁₀ values is herein attributed to indirect effects of temperature.     

Ex-seafarers shore-based employment: the current UK situation

The decline of the British shipping industry has had a significant impact on those sectors of the UK economy which have traditionally relied on ex-seafarers as a source of skilled labour. An in-depth study of the impacts of this problem was undertaken in 2003 to consider the implications of developments which have taken place in the industry since 1996. The UK economy's requirement for people with seafaring experience to fill land-based jobs was assessed, together with the implications of any shortfall. This paper considers the demand aspects of changes which have occurred since 1996.     

Enhancing the performance of quota managed fisheries using seasonality information: The case of the Portuguese artisanal dredge fleet

Several fisheries across the world are managed by a quota regime. These quotas can be set yearly, monthly, weekly or daily. However, for some fish species demand seasonality may occur, which should be taken into consideration in the establishment of the quota (especially in those fisheries managed by daily or monthly quotas). This would allow fishermen to catch more fish at times of the year with higher demand in detriment of periods when demand is low. The present work investigates the existence of demand seasonality for bivalves from the artisanal dredge fleet. This fleet operates along the entire coast of the Portugal mainland. The analysis of fleets' revenue efficiency is assessed with Data Envelopment Analysis models, and the monthly seasonality effects on the revenue efficiency were tested using a Tobit regression. The results revealed that on the South coast there is a strong demand in the summer whereas on the western coast (northwest and southwest fishing areas) demand increases during Christmas and New Year festivities. Since this fishery is managed by weekly/daily quotas, it is proposed that these quotas should be redistributed in order to adjust them to periods of higher demand, thereby increasing the profitability of the vessels. The approach followed could be applied to similar fisheries worldwide.     

日照市岚山区耕地需求与保护对策

日照市岚山区现有耕地虽能满足农产品需求,但不能保证建设用地需要。至2020年建设占用耕地需求量1 400hm2,耕地缺口较大;全区未利用土地质量差、开发难度大,耕地面临短缺的严峻形势。耕地保护的对策是控制人口增长,严格控制非农业建设占用耕地,积极进行土地整理复垦开发和改造中低产田,提高耕地生产力。