准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷东部斜坡带中侏罗统头屯河组高分辨层序与沉积微相精细分析

在岩芯观察、测井及地震资料分析基础上,应用高分辨层序地层理论对准噶尔盆地阜康凹陷东部斜坡带中侏罗统头屯河组进行划分,共识别出1个长期旋回,3个中期旋回以及10个短期旋回。概括起来有2种基准面旋回基本结构类型,多种亚类型,且旋回总体划分与地层划分基本一致。通过对试油资料的分析与总结,发现研究区油层大部分位于中期旋回MSC2中SSC4和SSC7两个短期旋回中,因此重点对两个短期旋回沉积微相特征进行详细分析,认为两个旋回都位于辫状河三角洲前缘亚相,包括水下主河道、分流河道等四个主要沉积微相。通过连井对比、等时地层格架的建立、上升相域沉积微相图编制和砂体纵向及横向分布特征的描述,总体认为SSC7旋回中所发育的有利储集体发育厚度及砂体连通性要好于SSC4旋回中砂体,并对有利储集层分布进行预测。     

湘东雁林寺金矿田及邻区构造变形事件与控矿构造属性

雁林寺金矿田位于湘东北金矿区南部,发育大量中小型金矿床（点）。前人对区内包括控矿构造在内的各类变形的运动学特征及形成时代和机制尚缺乏探讨和解析,从而影响到对矿床形成和保存规律的全面认识。鉴此,本文基于区域构造特征和大量露头构造的详细解析,厘定了雁林寺金矿田及邻区的构造变形序列及其时代背景,并结合矿床地质和同位素测年等其他资料,探讨了成矿时代和控矿构造属性。主要认识如下：（1）研究区自早至晚经历了新元古代中期NW—SE向挤压、志留纪早期NW—SE向挤压、志留纪末花岗岩体主动侵位挤压、中三叠世晚期NW—SE向挤压、晚三叠世NNW—SSE向—S—N向挤压、中侏罗世晚期NWW—SEE向—近E—W向挤压、白垩纪NW—SE向伸展、古近纪中晚期NE—SW向—NNE—SSW向挤压、古近纪晚期—新近纪初NW—SE向挤压等9期构造事件,形成了不同走向和规模的褶皱、逆断裂、顺层剪切带、正断裂、右行和左行走滑断裂与剪切破裂、断陷盆地、劈理、膝折等构造类型,以及部分构造走向的后期偏转。（2）区内存在志留纪末和晚三叠世两期金成矿作用,均与同期花岗质岩浆活动有关。（3）雁林寺金矿田容矿构造主要有前中生代顺层脆韧性剪切带和层间断裂、中—晚三叠世的NW向—NWW向右行走滑断裂和剪切裂隙、花岗岩枝的内外接触带等3类。志留纪末金矿床的导矿构造为先期NE向深部逆断裂,晚三叠世金矿床的导矿构造为中三叠世晚期的NE向逆断裂、晚三叠世早期的NEE向和EW向逆断裂。对两期金矿床而言,成矿后各期变形事件中形成的不同类型断裂均可能成为破矿构造。     

湘中南大庙口地区构造变形特征及其对区域页岩气构造保存条件的启示

近几年来对湖南省页岩气地质条件进行了大量调查研究,但对页岩气的构造保存条件研究和评价很少,因而影响了区域页岩气勘查工作的科学部署。笔者在湘中南永州凹陷西北缘的水岭-大庙口地区开展了1∶50 000页岩气地质调查,对该地区构造特征和构造演化过程进行了研究,在此基础上探讨了页岩气保存和富集的构造条件。调查区构造变形强烈,主要构造类型有：上古生界盖层中发育的NNW-近SN向（主）褶皱和EW向（次）褶皱,下古生界中发育的NNE向和NE向膝折,切割上古生界和下古生界的NNW-SN向、NE向、NW向等3组断裂（主要为逆断裂、正断裂,少量为走滑断裂）,下古生界中极为发育的NNW向板劈理以及泥盆系跳马涧组中发育的SN向、NNE向破劈理等。结合区域构造背景,初步确定上述构造主要形成于早古生代以来的8期构造变形事件,其中以加里东运动、印支运动和早燕山运动的挤压事件以及白垩纪区域伸展事件等最为重要。奥陶系烟溪组和天马山组底部的黑色页岩为调查区页岩气勘探目标层,但钻孔岩心页岩气解吸实验表明含气性极差。分析认为,多期构造运动造成的抬升和剥蚀及形成的断裂、劈理,既导致页岩气的散逸,也使得目标层仅局部有保存;多期构造运动形成的复杂构造样式,使得上古生界之下目标层的空间展布特征难以探明;加里东运动和印支运动所诱发花岗质岩浆活动相关的高地热场区会显著增高有机质热演化程度,总体不利于页岩气的保存。调查区对页岩气富集和保存不利的构造条件基本适用于永州凹陷及周缘其它地区,因此认为永州凹陷及周缘页岩气成藏潜力非常有限。本研究成果对区域页岩气成藏条件的客观认识以及页岩气勘查工作的合理部署具有重要的启示意义。     

西昆仑山前冲断带的分段变形特征及控制因素

本文在精细地表构造地质学解析的基础上,利用塔里木油田公司在塔里木盆地西南缘完成的高分辨率地震资料、钻井资料,开展新生代构造变形的精细几何学解析,确定不同构造部位的变形几何学和运动学特征,分析不同构造部位构造变形特征的差异性及其变化规律,探讨构造变形分段性的控制因素。根据西昆仑山前冲断带的变形特征,可以将冲断带划分为5个构造段,自西北向东南分别为:乌泊尔段、苏盖特段、齐姆根段、柯东段与和田段,且各段又可分为1~4个的构造带。各段的构造样式存在较大差异,乌泊尔段表现为受主帕米尔断裂(MPT)和帕米尔北缘断裂(FPT)控制,帕米尔北缘断裂表现为地表突破和大规模的垂向位移,限定了冲断作用的往北传播,浅部发育了上新世以来的背驼盆地;苏盖特段表现为走滑逆冲作用导致的构造变形的特点,构造样式总体上靠近山前地区为堆垛构造,盆地内部为薄皮的叠瓦扇构造;齐姆根段受深部右行走滑断裂带控制,形成了向北东突出的走滑构造;柯东段则以逆冲作用为主,变形向盆地内部发生大规模的薄皮传播;和田构造段表现为南部发育高角度的铁克里克断裂及基底卷入构造,北部发育断层转折褶皱。北西向的喀什-叶城转换系统、北东向的库尔干右行压扭断裂带和齐姆根深部右行走滑断裂带、古近系的膏盐滑脱层、新近纪同构造沉积作用和乌拉根古隆起等对西昆山山前冲断带分段变形起到了重要的控制作用。     

The mechanical and microstructural behaviour of calcite-dolomite composites: An experimental investigation

The styles and mechanisms of deformation associated with many variably dolomitized limestone shear systems are strongly controlled by strain partitioning between dolomite and calcite. Here, we present experimental results from the deformation of four composite materials designed to address the role of dolomite on the strength of limestone. Composites were synthesized by hot isostatic pressing mixtures of dolomite (Dm) and calcite powders (% Dm: 25%-Dm, 35%-Dm, 51%-Dm, and 75%-Dm). In all composites, calcite is finer grained than dolomite. The synthesized materials were deformed in torsion at constant strain rate (3 × 10⁻⁴ and 1 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹), high effective pressure (262 MPa), and high temperature (750 °C) to variable finite shear strains. Mechanical data show an increase in yield strength with increasing dolomite content. Composites with <75% dolomite (the remaining being calcite), accommodate significant shear strain at much lower shear stresses than pure dolomite but have significantly higher yield strengths than anticipated for 100% calcite. The microstructure of the fine-grained calcite suggests grain boundary sliding, accommodated by diffusion creep and dislocation glide. At low dolomite concentrations (i.e. 25%), the presence of coarse-grained dolomite in a micritic calcite matrix has a profound effect on the strength of composite materials as dolomite grains inhibit the superplastic flow of calcite aggregates. In high (>50%) dolomite content samples, the addition of 25% fine-grained calcite significantly weakens dolomite, such that strain can be partially localized along narrow ribbons of fine-grained calcite. Deformation of dolomite grains by shear fracture is observed; there is no intracrystalline deformation in dolomite irrespective of its relative abundance and finite shear strain.     

Influence of host lithofacies on fault rock variation in carbonate fault zones: A case study from the Island of Malta

Relatively few studies have examined fault rock microstructures in carbonates. Understanding fault core production helps predict the hydraulic behaviour of faults and the potential for reservoir compartmentalisation. Normal faults on Malta, ranging from <1 m to 90 m displacement, cut two carbonate lithofacies, micrite-dominated and grain-dominated carbonates, allowing the investigation of fault rock evolution with increasing displacement in differing lithofacies. Lithological heterogeneity leads to a variety of deformation mechanisms. Nine different fault rock types have been identified, with a range of deformation microstructures along an individual slip surface. The deformation style, and hence type of fault rock produced, is a function of host rock texture, specifically grain size and sorting, porosity and uniaxial compressive strength. Homogeneously fine-grained micrtie-dominated carbonates are characterised by dispersed deformation with large fracture networks that develop into breccias. Alternatively, this lithofacies is commonly recrystallised. In contrast, in the coarse-grained, heterogeneous grain-dominated carbonates the development of faulting is characterised by localised deformation, creating protocataclasite and cataclasite fault rocks. Cementation also occurs within some grain-dominated carbonates close to and on slip surfaces. Fault rock variation is a function of displacement as well as juxtaposed lithofacies. An increase in fault rock variability is observed at higher displacements, potentially creating a more transmissible fault, which opposes what may be expected in siliciclastic and crystalline faults. Significant heterogeneity in the fault rock types formed is likely to create variable permeability along fault-strike, potentially allowing across-fault fluid flow. However, areas with homogeneous fault rocks may generate barriers to fluid flow.     

X射线荧光光谱法分析地质样品的应用技巧

X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)具有制样简单、绿色环保、可同时测定多个元素等特点,被广泛应用于勘查地球化学分析领域中,其中粉末压片XRF是快速经济的主导方法。然而在大批量实际样品测试中,如果分析者选择测量条件不当或者校正标准曲线不合理,就会导致测量结果的粗大误差甚至测出不合逻辑的数据。本文对地质样品中的主要元素在测试中容易出现的技术问题作一具体分析:以钒元素为例,用实验说明探测器的选择对于测量结果的重要性,采用SC探测器可将V Kα线与Ti Kβ线分开,而采用SC+PC探测器两元素的谱线发生重叠;以硅酸盐中铁元素为例,描述了不同的回归标准曲线对测量结果的影响;对地质样品中低含量铌、钽的测定,标准曲线要根据实际情况合理回归,并将测试后的样品与化学方法对照,结果相符。同时提出了硅酸盐、碳酸盐等地质样品的测量问题。对于土壤、水系沉积物、岩石地质样品,一些元素之间会产生相互干扰,以常见的造岩元素钛为例,用实验证明铝和铁对钛的谱线确实有增强和吸收效应;对于常见的碳酸盐类样品,氯和铬的测量要考虑氧化钙的吸收增强效应,必须添加氧化钙作为其吸收增强校正项,才能保证测量结果可靠。针对硫元素的测定,除了受到硫赋存状态的影响,样品污染问题也是影响因素之一,需要避免空气、实验室环境以及分析过程中对样品的污染。本文针对一些典型元素XRF分析提出的具体测量方案,应用于实际地质样品测试可以获得满意的效果。     

Comment on " Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kīlauea volcano" by P. T. Delaney and D. F. McTigue

 In volcanoes that store a significant quantity of magma within a subsurface summit reservoir, such as Kīlauea, bulk compression of stored magma is an important mode of deformation. Accumulation of magma is also accompanied by crustal deformation, usually manifested at the surface as uplift. These two modes of deformation – bulk compression of resident magma and deformation of the volcanic edifice – act in concert to accommodate the volume of newly added magma. During deflation, the processes reverse and reservoir magma undergoes bulk decompression, the chamber contracts, and the ground surface subsides. Because magma compression plays a role in creating subsurface volume to accommodate magma, magma budget estimates that are derived from surface uplift observations without consideration of magma compression will underestimate actual magma volume changes. Received: 30 September 1998 / Accepted: 27 July 1999     

Long‐term runoff forecasting by combining hydrological models and meteorological records

Reservoir operation is generally based on the inflows of the upstream catchment of the reservoir. If the arriving inflows can be forecasted, that can benefit reservoir operation and management. This study attempts to construct a long‐term inflow‐forecasting model by combining a continuous rainfall–runoff model with the long‐term weather outlook from the Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan. The analytical results demonstrate that the continuous rainfall–runoff model has good inflow simulation performance by using 10‐day meteorological and inflow records over a 33‐year period for model calibration and verification. The long‐term inflow forecasting during the dry season was further conducted by combining the continuous rainfall–runoff model and the long‐term weather outlook, which was found to have good performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

川滇地区强震分区时间分布规律及在中长期预报中的意义

川滇地区 MS≥ 6.0的地震多聚集成带、成团 ,与构造走向大体一致 .在南北地震带中、南段 ( 98°～ 1 0 5°E,2 1°～ 34°N)可划分成 7个小区 .每个小区历史上都发生过 MS≥ 7.0的强震 . 1 970年以来该区发生的 1 0次 7级以上地震 ,分别出现在 5个小区内 .经研究 ,这 5个小区中强震发生的时间与累积频度间均符合幂函数或指数关系 .通过内符检验 ,表明其对每个小区强震的中长期预报具有一定的意义 .