构造转换背景下应力与流体相互作用控制华南朱溪超大型W-Cu矿床成矿作用

朱溪W-Cu矿床是近年来在江南斑岩-矽卡岩W矿带发现的一个超大型矿床,其成矿作用特点在国内外众多研究者的关注下逐渐明朗,但构造对成矿作用的控制机制尚未明确.文章基于矿床地质特征的观察,对与蚀变和矿化有关的构造进行解析,依据矿脉(体)的穿切关系,主要厘定出5种具先后次序的控矿构造类型:早期挤压背景下形成的近水平贫矿热液脉(H脉),挤压向伸展转换背景下形成的陡倾波状张剪性含矿脉(R脉),水压致裂主导的流体逃逸构造和近直立平直白钨矿-石英-白云母脉(F脉),以及晚期伸展拆离背景下形成的角砾构造.其中,R脉为矽卡岩型W-Cu矿体的主要赋存形式,F脉为白钨矿-石英-白云母脉型矿体的主要赋存形式.结合前人同位素年代学资料,提出研究区经历了161 Ma以前的挤压,153～145 Ma期间挤压向伸展转换,145 Ma以后的伸展构造背景.其中,挤压向伸展转换时期的断层阀行为控制了朱溪W-Cu成矿作用.据此,文章将朱溪W-Cu矿床的断层阀模型划分为破裂前、断层阀(地震破裂)、流体充填(地震泵吸)、自愈合和再循环等5个阶段.矿化主要发生在断层阀模型的流体充填阶段,表现为压力骤降和流体沸腾,对应矽卡岩成矿期的退蚀变作用和浸染状W-Cu矿化,白钨矿-石英-白云母脉成矿期与白云母密切共生的细脉浸染状W-Cu矿化.朱溪W-Cu矿床的形成与燕山中晚期古太平洋俯冲板片沿扬子和华夏板块间的结合部位撕裂(156～135 Ma)导致岩石圈挤压向伸展转换并形成壳源过铝质-偏铝质花岗岩浆作用相关.     

小兴安岭西北部晚石炭世造山后达音河岩体的 特征及其地质意义

小兴安岭西北部达音河岩体主要由碱长花岗岩、正长花岗岩组成。碱长花岗岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年结果为304.4±1.3 Ma,时代属于晚石炭世,而不是过去认为的晚侏罗世。该岩体化学组成以高硅、钾、钠,低钙为特征,富集Rb、La、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损Ba、Sr、Eu等大离子亲石元素和Nb、Ta、Zr高场强元素,反映斜长石作为源区残留相对岩浆地球化学特征的控制。该岩体同区域上十二站、新开岭、龙镇、扎兰屯等岩体构成晚石炭世造山后伸展背景下形成的I型和A型花岗岩带,反映了兴安、松嫩块体在晚石炭世结束块体碰撞造山,转入造山后伸展环境。     

华北克拉通及邻区晚中生代伸展构造及其动力学背景的讨论

欧亚大陆东部晚中生代伸展构造十分显著,表现为大量发育的变质核杂岩、同构造岩浆岩、韧性拆离断层带等伸展成因的穹隆和地堑-半地堑盆地.通过对这些伸展构造进行系统分析、归纳和总结,将欧亚大陆东部晚中生代伸展构造发育区划分为:泛贝加尔-鄂霍次克带、华北西部带、华北东部带、华北南缘及秦岭-大别带和华南内陆带.这些伸展构造记录了大区域上的NW-SE方向伸展,构成了全球最大的陆壳伸展地区.这些伸展构造使地壳深部的岩石沿拆离断层折返至地表,从而使中下地壳结构发生了强烈的改造.除华北东部带给出了一个较为宽泛的伸展时段外,各个研究区所涉及的伸展穹隆及其相关的拆离断层所表现的伸展峰期时间均十分相近:位于130 ～ 126Ma之间.岩石圈根部的拆沉可能是这个巨型伸展构造带形成的动力学机制.这个模型为探讨华北克拉通破坏和减薄的时限、机制、模式及深部动力学背景提供直接的构造证据.     

高速拓宽软土路基差异沉降数值计算及监测分析

路基差异沉降控制是软土地区高速拓宽工程中的关键性技术问题之一,本文以北方某高速拓宽工程的试验段为例,运用ABAQUS软件进行了拓宽软土路基变形的有限元数值计算,并与路基现场变形监测数据进行对比分析,数值计算与实测结果基本吻合,结论一致地反映了路堤填筑初始阶段新路基的沉降速率较大,旧路基在填筑后期才产生较明显的附加沉降变形; 路基变形在拓宽侧呈现明显的\     

Three-dimensional structure along the inverted Palaeoproterozoic Fiery Creek Fault System, Mount Isa terrane, Australia

The NW-dipping Fiery Creek Fault System, located in the northern Mount Isa terrane, comprises numerous sub-parallel faults that record multiple episodes of Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic movement. Hanging wall wedge-shaped stratal geometries and marked stratal thickness variation across the fault system indicate that the earliest movement occurred during episodic intracontinental extension (Mount Isa Rift Event; ca. 1710–1655 Ma). Reactivation of the fault system during regional shortening and basin inversion associated with the Mesoproterozoic Isan Orogeny (ca. 1590–1500 Ma) resulted in complex three-dimensional hanging wall geometries and highly variable strain in the hanging wall strata along the fault system. This has resulted in the development of discrete hanging wall deformation compartments, that are characterised by different structural styles. High strain compartments are characterised by relatively intense folding and the development of break-back thrusts, whereas low strain compartments are only weakly folded. Variations in hanging wall strain are attributed to selective reactivation of normal fault segments, controlled by the pre-inversion fault dip and lithological contrasts across the faults. Variation of the pre-inversion fault dip is interpreted to have been caused by episodic tilt-block rotation during crustal extension. Moderately dipping faults active early in the Mount Isa Rift Event show the greatest degree of reactivation, whereas younger and steeper normal faults have behaved as buttresses during inversion with strain focussed in zones of upright folding in the hanging wall.     

坝基岩体块度特征研究

岩体块度特征是岩体完整性评价的重要指标, 通常用岩石质量指标RQD来表征。但是RQD是有不足之处的, 岩体基本块度的概率分布、块度百分比、RQDt、块度指数RBI等参数是描述岩体块度特征的重要补充, 它们更全面地、更深入地表征了岩体的完整性, 丰富了岩体质量评价的定量指标。本文以金沙江下游溪洛渡水电站工程坝基岩体块度调查统计资料为基础, 对岩体基本块度的概率分布、块度百分比、RQDt、块度指数RBI等岩体块度特征进行了深入研究。     

湘东南中生代花岗闪长质小岩体的岩石地球化学特征

湘东南花岗闪长质岩石以高K2O/Na2O,K2O+Na2O>6.0%为特征,属高钾钙碱性系列岩石,其形成主要受部分熔融作用制约;岩石稀土元素富集,铕负异常不明显,δEu=0.71～0.89;富集大离子亲石元素,Nb-Ta亏损,P、Ti或亏损或不亏损,具岛弧型岩浆作用微量元素分配模式,属板内钾质岩石,源区可能存在早期俯冲组分改造的岩石圈富集地幔组分,或是源于软流圈的岩浆与中下地壳混合作用的产物;其形成与该带中生代早期岩石圈的伸展-减薄作用有关。     

Tectonically‐controlled Evolution of the Late Cenozoic Nihewan Basin,North China Craton: Constraints from Stratigraphy,Mineralogy, and Geochemistry

The Late Cenozoic basins in the Weihe–Shanxi Graben, North China Craton are delineated by northeast-striking faults. The faults have, since a long time, been related to the progressive uplift and northeastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau. To show the relation between the basins and faults, two Pliocene–Pleistocene stratigraphic sections(Chengqiang and Hongyanangou) in the southern part of the Nihewan Basin at the northernmost parts of the graben are studied herein. Based on the sedimentary sequences and facies, the sections are divided into three evolutionary stages, such as alluvial fan-eolian red clay, fan delta, and fluvial, with boundaries at ~2.8 and ~1.8 Ma. Paleocurrent indicators, the composition of coarse clastics, heavy minerals, and the geochemistry of moderate–fine clastics are used to establish the temporal and spatial variations in the source areas. Based on features from the middlenorthern basin, we infer that the Nihewan Basin comprises an old NE–SW elongate geotectogene and a young NW–SE elongate subgeotectogene. The main geotectogene in the mid-north is a half-graben bounded by northeast-striking and northwest-dipping normal faults(e.g., Liulengshan Fault). This group of faults was mainly affected by the Pliocene(before ~2.8–2.6 Ma) NW–SE extension and controlled the deposition of sediments. In contrast, the subgeotectogene in the south was affected by northwest-striking normal faults(e.g., Huliuhe Fault) that were controlled by the subsequent weak NE–SW extension in the Pleistocene. The remarkable change in the sedimentary facies and provenance since ~1.8 Ma is possibly a signal of either weak or strong NE–SW extension. This result implies that the main tectonic transition ages of ~2.8–2.6 Ma and ~1.8 Ma in the Weihe–Shanxi Graben are affected by the Tibetan Plateau in Pliocene–Pleistocene.     

中国东-南部裂陷盆地断裂系统复杂性的表现形式及成因机制——以南堡凹陷和涠西南凹陷为例

中国东-南部裂陷系列盆地油气资源十分丰富,而断层的分布演化十分复杂,是油气进一步勘探开发需要解决的关键问题。本文应用广义断层模式,在大量三维地震资料构造解析的基础上,以渤海湾盆地的南堡凹陷和北部湾盆地的涠西南凹陷为例,对中国东-南部盆地复杂的断裂系统进行了解剖和归纳,并提出了伸展变形区预测断层性质的伸展应变椭圆。结果表明,中国东-南部裂陷盆地断裂系统的复杂性存在9种表现方式,从成因上进一步归纳为3个方面:(1)断层的走向和性质多样;(2)断层在平、剖面上存在复杂多变的组合形式;(3)断层形成和演化存在复杂的时-空关系。造成复杂性的根本原因是先存断裂分布的复杂性和不同方向(北西-南东向和近南北向)伸展变形的叠加。不同盆地、同一盆地不同区域应力场演化具有很大的相似性:40Ma以前,北西-南东向伸展;38Ma以来,近南北向伸展。断层分布和演化差异主要是由先存构造分布差异造成的。     

多通道动态应变观测系统在地震模拟实验中的应用

为了研究实验变形失稳过程中的应变场快速调整阶段和岩石结构破坏过程中的复杂变形场,将高速、高分辨率、多通道的应变观测技术引入构造物理实验,搭建了用以观测瞬态变形场的多通道动态应变观测系统,形成了16Bit分辨率、96通道、3.4kHz采样速度、1με分辨率且连续记录的应变观测系统。通过观测断层失稳过程高速滑动阶段和裂纹扩展过程的力学场时空变化,发现断层粘滑失稳过程的演化具有3个特征阶段:预滑动阶段、高频震荡阶段和低频调整止滑阶段。每个阶段的持续时间、应变速率、频率特性、振幅等都具有自身特点;三维断层扩展模型的实验结果显示,岩桥区断层贯通是一个快速过程,先多点局部扩展,后跳跃式连接。在断层贯通之后,样品整体崩垮之前,存在一个相对稳定的阶段,持续时间为几十ms。多通道动态应变观测系统填补了在地震模拟与岩石力学实验中应变观测频带的空缺,可以获得高密度、高精度的动态应变场,进一步研究瞬态应变场演化与应变波时空过程,为理解从缓慢递进变形到突发失稳释放过程提供了技术支持。